Hoofstuk 20 - Die Storie van Afrikaans

Inleiding

“Ek het baie respek vir Suid-Afrikaners. Hulle is goeie mense. Hulle is oor die jare heen deur soveel dinge wat dit vir hulle moeilik gemaak het in hulle lewe, maar hulle is vegters.” (Steve Hansen, die afrigter van die Nieu-Seelandse rugbyspan, soos aangehaal in Buchner 2014: 3)

“Nietemin wonder ek of daar ná die Anglo-Boereoorlog genoeg tyd was vir diegene wat daardeur geraak is om te gesels en met mekaar versoen te word? Of het hulle vredesonthalwe te vinnig aanbeweeg?

Ek sê nou nie dit is die plek waar al die pyn en lyding van die Afrikaner begin het nie, maar dit is wel ’n gebeurtenis wat groot gevolge vir die toekoms gehad het – net soos die Tweede Wêreldoorlog vir Duitsland en apartheid vir Suid-Afrika. Ek en my vriende was nie daar om dit te ervaar nie, maar die gevolge is op baie plekke vandag nog sigbaar.

Wat ek wel weet, is dat gesprekke oor witheid en wit skuld meer gereeld tussen wit mense moet plaasvind. Sonder om mense weg te stoot en hulle in hoekies te druk, is dit noodsaaklik om te besef dat mense van kleur nie enigiets aan wit skuld kan doen nie. Behalwe om te luister en te probeer verstaan. Daar is wel wit mense wat aktiewe burgers is en hierdie soort gesprekke voer. Kudos vir diegene wat hiermee besig is.” (Kannemeyer, M. 2019. Afrikaner, dis nie die tyd om stil te bly nie. Geplaas 26 April 2019. https://www.vryeweekblad.com/menings-en-debat/2019-04-26-afrikaner-dis-nie-die-tyd-om-stil-te-bly-nie/)

Aanvullende bronne

Carstens, W.A.M. 1994. Om ou koeie uit die sloot te grawe: is daar lesse te leer uit die verlede? Enkele kantaantekeninge, bl. 16-33.

Carstens, W.A.M. 2006a. Die breë Afrikaanse debat (1994-2005): enkele temas en inisiatiewe, bl. 1-19.

Carstens, W.A.M. 2012. Versoening in Afrikaans – Is dit haalbaar?

Carstens, W.A.M. 2013b. Die storie van Afrikaans: perspektiewe op die verlede, hede en toekoms, bl. 21-50.

De Lange, L. 2015b. Tragedie en triomf van die taal, bl. 2.

Ferrus 2006. Afrikaans en ek.

Giliomee 2004a. Die Afrikaners. ŉ Biografie.

Giliomee 2004b. Versoening: maak saam erns oor die geskiedenis, bl. 12.

Giliomee 2004c. Die skryf van geskiedenis in radikaal nuwe omstandighede.

Grundlingh 2008. Lang pad na nuwe SA begin al in 1960’s, bl. 21.

Prinsloo, K. (red.) 2008a. Die Afrikaanse “ons” en die nodigheid van ‘n Afrikaanse Taalraad.

Raidt 1991a. Afrikaans en sy Europese verlede. (Hoofstuk 7.)

Steyn, J.C. 1980. Tuiste in eie taal. (Hoofstuk 8.)

Steyn, J.C. 1986a. Die politisering van taal, bl. 54-81.

Steyn, J.C. 2008. Sonkyker. Afrikaner in die verkeerde eeu.

Van Oort e.a. 2014. Die onderrig van die inklusiewe ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van Afrikaans.

Van Rensburg, M.C.J. 2012. So kry ons Afrikaans. (Hoofstukke VI en VII.)

Van Rensburg e.a. 1997. Afrikaans in Afrika. (Hoofstukke 5-8.)

Adam & Giliomee 1979. The rise and crisis of Afrikaner Power.

Giliomee 2003e. Rediscovering and Re-imagining the Afrikaners in a New South Africa. Autobiographical notes on writing an uncommon biography.

Giliomee & Schlemmer 1990. From Apartheid to Nation Building.

Johnson, R.W. 2011. South Africa’s Brave New World: The Beloved Country Since the End of Apartheid. A history since 1994.

Van Rensburg, M.C.J. 1999. Afrikaans and Apartheid, bl. 77-95.

Wessels, L. 2020. Leon Wessels | Die politieke en morele evolusie van ’n Afrikaner. Vrye Weekblad, 17 April 2020. https://www.vryeweekblad.com/nuus-en-politiek/2020-04-16-leon-wessels–die-politieke-en-morele-evolusie-van-n-afrikaner/

Internetskakels

Wikipedia 2013a. Afrikaans.

Wikipedia 2013 (224). Geskiedenis van Afrikaans.

Afrikaans en politiek: apartheid

“Ons almal weet almal dat Afrikaans deur politieke belange gekaap is, dat dit geprostitueer is en as sambok gebruik is om mense mee te slaan, dat dit in die hande van ‘n spul ontalentvolle mense iets geword het wat dit as stamtaal van Afrika nie verdien nie… Die moordenaars wat daagliks voor die WVK getuig, soms met ewe waansinnige detail, het van hul wandade tydens die Apartheidsera, het in baie gevalle Afrikaans gepraat.” (Prof. Etienne van Heerden) (bron onbekend)

“Remember, now, there was the first whipping when the language was reportedly appropriated from slave communities. The second whipping came when the language was used as an instrument of power and dominance.

It is, now, the language of the oppressor.

This brings us to the third whipping. We may not speak the language, nor can it be preserved.” (I. Lagardien 2019 – https://www.heraldlive.co.za/opinion/2019-01-29-how-we-have-been-stripped-of-our-mother-tongue/)

Aanvullende bronne

Carstens, W.A.M. 2013a. Op pad van ŉ verdeelde na ‘n gedeelde toekoms in die Afrikaanse taalgemeenskap: Die rol van die Afrikaanse Taalraad in die proses van versoening, bl. 447-483.

Carstens, W.A.M. 2013b. Die storie van Afrikaans: perspektiewe op die verlede, hede en toekoms, bl. 21-50.

Steyn, J.C. 1980. Tuiste in eie taal. (Hoofstuk 8.)

Van Rensburg, M.C.J. 1989b. Oor die depolitisering van Afrikaans: vertrekpunte vir ŉ gesprek, bl. 42-47.

Van Rensburg, M.C.J. 1991a. Wat van ‘n nuwe Afrikaans?, bl. 13-33.

Van Rensburg, M.C.J. 1992b. Die demokratisering van Afrikaans, bl. 181-199.

Van Rensburg e.a. 1997. Afrikaans in Afrika. (Hoofstukke 5-8.)

Webb 1992b. Konflik in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing en die rol van taal, bl. 104-123.

Webb 1997. Afrikaans in een democratiserend Zuid-Afrika, bl. 225-236.

Webb & Kriel 2000. Afrikaans and Afrikaner nationalism, bl. 19-49.

La Vita, M. 2019. ‘Apartheid het my ontman.’ Geplaas 1 Febr. 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Profiele/apartheid-het-my-ontman-20190131

Smit, B. 2018. Erken dat apartheid verkeerd was. Die Burger, 14 Junie 2018. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/MyStem/erken-dat-apartheid-verkeerd-was-20180613

Lagardien, I. 2019. How we have been stripped of our mother tongue. The Herald, 29 Jan. 2019. https://www.heraldlive.co.za/opinion/2019-01-29-how-we-have-been-stripped-of-our-mother-tongue/

2.1 Die Suid-Afrikaanse politieke konteks in die 20ste eeu

“… die ‘ou’ en ‘nuwe’ Suid-Afrika het een ding gemeen: om geskiedenis te versin, dit wil sê om mites te skep” (Slabbert 2006a: 156)

“Elke groep se geskiedenis werp ŉ lang skadu en die uitdaging is om oor daardie skadu te spring.” (Prof. A. Grundlingh, aangehaal in H. Retief 2013a: 1)

“Corruption has plagued the moral fibre of our society to an extent that, to some, it is a way of life. There is a very loud outcry from all corners of society against corruption which nowadays seems fashionable. Some even go as far as stating that corruption is rendering the State dysfunctional.” (Aangehaal in https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2019-01-28-state-capture-little-did-we-suspect-that-our-own-people-would-be-as-corrupt-as-the-apartheid-regime/?)

“…en niemand het ’n woord gesê oor die absoluut onmoontlike, onhanteerbare, ondeurgrondelike, etterse, toksiese gemors wat die ANC van Suid-Afrika gemaak het nie. ‘Toksies’ is die enigste manier om sekere dinge te beskryf.” (Kombuis. K. 2019. Vandag is 6 April. My naweek, Beeld, 6 April 2019, bl. 1.)

“It is, of course, impossible to understand the past 40 years in South Africa without understanding the preceding 400 years.” (Oudpres. F.W. de Klerk, 17 Sept 2019 – https://www.fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/938-speech-the-stories-of-south-africa?)

Aanvullende bronne

Oor die geskiedenis en politiek van 1902-1924

Pretorius, F. (red.) 2012. Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: van voortye tot vandag.

Giliomee 2012b. Afrikanernasionalisme, 1902-1924, bl. 291-292.

Grobler, J. 2007. Uitdaging & Antwoord. ŉ Vars perspektief op die evolusie van die Afrikaners. (Hoofstuk 7.)

Kruger, D.W. 1977c. Die totstandkoming van die Unie, 1908-1910, bl. 463-477.

Kruger, D.W. 1977d. Die bondgenootskap tussen Nasionalisme en Arbeid, 1924-1933, bl. 510-528.

Liebenberg, B.J. 1990a. Botha en Smuts aan bewind, 1924-1939, bl. 419-451.

Liebenberg, B.J. 1990b. Hertzog aan bewind, 1910-1924, bl. 389-418.

Scher 2012a. Naoorlogse rasseverhoudings, 1902-1948, bl. 255-273.

Schoeman, K. 2015. Imperiale somer: Suid-Afrika tussen Oorlog en Unie, 1902-1910.

Steyn, J.C. 1987a. Trouwe Afrikaners. Aspekte van Afrikanernasionalisme en Suid-Afrikaanse taalpolitiek 1875-1938.

Wiid 1977c. Weeropbou, 1902-1908, bl. 434-462.

Barber, J. 1999. South Africa in the Twentieth Century.

Davenport & Saunders 2000. South Africa: A modern history. (Hoofstuk 10.)

Hofmeyr, I. 1987. Building a Nation from Words: Afrikaans Language, Literature and Ethnic Identity, 1902-1924.

Nasson 2015. WWI and the People of South Africa.

Nattras 2017. A Short History of South Africa.

Oosthuizen, M. 2016b. Why South Africa can’t deliver on the social contract set out in its constitution.

Plaut 2016. Promise and Despair. The First Struggle for a Non-Racial South Africa.

Pretorius, F. (ed.) 2014. A History of South Africa. From the distant past to the present.

Ross, R. 2009. A Concise History of South Africa.

Saunders e.a. 1994. Reader’s Digest Illustrated History of South Africa: The Real Story. (Deel 5.)

Thompson, L. 2000. A History of South Africa. (Hoofstuk 5.)

Van Jaarsveld, F.A. 1975. From Van Riebeeck to Vorster 1652-1974. An introduction to the history of the Republic of South Africa. (Hoofstukke 13 en 14.)

Worden 2012. The making of modern South Africa: Conquest, Apartheid, Democracy.

Freund, B. 2018. Twentieth Century South Africa : A developmental history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222

Dubow, S. 2000. The African National Congress. London: Sutton Publishing.

Oor die geskiedenis en politiek van 1924-1948

Cameron & Spies (reds.) 1986. Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika in woord en beeld.

Froneman, J.D. 2012b. Anti-Britsheid dra veel by tot die Slag van Andringastraat, bl. 5.

Giliomee 2012b. Afrikanernasionalisme, 1902-1924, bl. 275-292.

Grobler, J. 2007. Uitdaging & Antwoord. ŉ Vars perspektief op die evolusie van die Afrikaners. (Hoofstuk 7.)

Grobler, J. 2012b. Swart politieke ontwikkeling, 1875-1949, bl. 311-324.

Kruger, D.W. 1977d. Die bondgenootskap tussen Nasionalisme en Arbeid, 1924-1933, bl. 510-528.

Liebenberg, B.J. 1990a. Botha en Smuts aan bewind, 1924-1939, bl. 419-451.

Liebenberg, B.J. 1990c. Smuts aan bewind, 1939-1948, bl. 452-476.

Murray & Stadler 1986. Van die Pakt tot die begin van apartheid, 1924-1948, bl. 248-270.

Scholtz, G.D. 1984. Die ontwikkeling van die politieke denke van die Afrikaner. (Volumes 5-8: Die era ná 1899.)

Scholtz, G.D. 1974. Generaals Hertzog en Smuts en die Britse Ryk.

Scholtz, L. 2016a. Kruispaaie. Afrikanerkeuses in die 19de en 20ste eeu. (Hoofstukke 2-4.)

Steyn, J.C. 1987a. Trouwe Afrikaners. Aspekte van Afrikanernasionalisme en Suid-Afrikaanse taalpolitiek 1875-1938.

Steyn, J.C. 2014a. ‘Ons gaan ŉ taal maak’. Afrikaans sedert die Patriotjare. (Hoofstukke 9-11.)

Barber, J. 1999. South Africa in the Twentieth Century.

Bonner, e.a. (eds.) 2001. Apartheid’s Genesis, 1935-1962.

Mackinnon 2012. The making of South Africa.

Morris, M. 2004. Every Step of the Way. The Journey to Freedom in South Africa.

Nattras 2017. A Short History of South Africa.

Pretorius, F. (ed.) 2014. A History of South Africa. From the distant past to the present.

Ross, R. 2009. A Concise History of South Africa. (Hoofstukke 3 en 4.)

Saul & Bond 2014. South Africa – The present as history. From Mrs Ples to Mandela and Marikana. (Hoofstuk 1.)

Saunders e.a. 1994. Reader’s Digest Illustrated History of South Africa: The Real Story. (Deel 5.)

Thompson, L. 2000. A History of South Africa. (Hoofstuk 5.)

Van Jaarsveld 1975. From Van Riebeeck to Vorster 1652-1974. An introduction to the history of the Republic of South Africa. (Hoofstukke 13 en 14.)

Freund, B. 2018. Twentieth Century South Africa : A developmental history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222

Oor die geskiedenis en politiek van 1948-1993

Protes teen apartheid tydens die Springbokke se rugbytoer na Nieu-Seeland in 1981 (Bron onbekend)

Sharpeville 21 Maart 1960. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/60-jaar-later-was-sharpeville-se-verleenthede-en-geleenthede-tevergeefs-20200320

“Die Kerkstraatbom in Pretoria het op 20 Mei 1983 in huistoegaantyd ontplof. Negentien mense is daardie dag dood en 217 beseer toe ‘n motorbom wat deur Umkhonto we Sizwe-lede gestel is, die Vrydagmiddag om half-vyf voor die lugmag se hoofkwartier ontplof het. Die bom het 10 minute vroeër as wat beplan was afgegaan wat ook die twee MK-lede wat dit geplant het, gedood het. Die Waarheids- en Versoeningskommissie het in 1997 en ’98 gehoor dat die destydse ANC-president, Oliver Tambo, die aanval gemagtig het. Dit was uit vergelding vir ‘n oorgrens-aanval deur die SAW in Lesotho 5 maande tevore waarin 42 ANC-lede dood is, asook vir die sluipmoord op die ANC-aktivis, Ruth First in Mosambiek wat die vrou van Joe Slovo was.” (Frikkie Wallis, Facebook-inskrywing, 20 Mei 2019)

“At the end of May 1948 The National Party swept to a surprise election victory on a platform of ‘apartheid’ – or rigid racial separation and undisguised racial domination. Six months later the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) which proclaimed that

‘Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration without distinction of any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other status.’

This was one of the most important advances in human history. Within two or three generations it led to a world that was better, kinder and fairer for billions of people. It also had profound implications for South Africa. …

The first period of National Party rule (1948 – 1958) had been characterized by unadorned and unapologetic racial discrimination and domination. The second period (1958 -1978) had evolved into “separate development” in terms of which South Africa would grant independence to the ten black ethnic groups in the 13,7% of the country that, according to the government, they had originally occupied. There was no provision for black South Africans who would remain in the so-called white areas – or for the constitutional accommodation of the Coloured and Indian minorities. Rigid segregation was retained – except in the national states – and more than two million people were forcibly moved from their homes as part of Verwoerd’s grand design. 16 million black South Africans were arrested for pass offences. A generation of NP supporters was deluded into thinking that they had found an equitable solution to the country’s problems.

The third – or ‘reform’ – period of National Party rule (1978 – 1989) was characterized by PW Botha’s acceptance that Verwoerdian notion of separate development was not working and that white South Africans would have to “adapt or die”. It was based on the view that the white South African nation – to which Macmillan had referred – would have to dismount the tiger of increasingly angry black nationalism if it wished to survive.

The fourth – ‘transformation’ – period of NP rule (1989 -1994) commenced with the election of FW de Klerk as leader of the NP on 2 February 1989. By this time the ANC and the NP had concluded that there would have to be a negotiated settlement; Soviet influence in southern African was rapidly waning following the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola in conjunction with the successful implementation of the UN independence plan for Namibia. The fall of the Berlin Wall in November, 1989, precipitated the wholesale rout of international communism.

FW de Klerk realized that the circumstances for successful negotiations would never again be so propitious. On 2 February 1990 he initiated the negotiation process by unbanning the ANC and SACP and by announcing the imminent release of Nelson Mandela and all other political prisoners. It was thirty years – minus one day – after Macmillan’s ‘Wind of change’ speech.” Steward, D. 2020. 75 years after the end of the second world war: Part 1 1945-1994. Geplaas 8 Mei 2020. https://fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/1029-article-75-years-after-the-end-of-the-second-world-war-part-i-1945-1994)

“Met die terugskouing na 35 jaar gelede is dit duidelik dat Matthew Goniwe en die dorpie Cradock in die Oos-Kaap wesenlik bygedra het tot ’n versnelde politieke proses na demokrasie. PW Botha het met sy politieke weerbarstigheid in die Rubicon-toespraak in Durban, en die ekonomiese uitval daarna, ook die proses verhaas … maar soos hy hoegenaamd nie wou nie.” (https://www.litnet.co.za/pw-botha-en-die-cradock-vier/ )

Brits, J. 1994. Op die vooraand van apartheid: die rassevraagstuk en die blanke politiek in Suid-Afrika, 1939-1948

Cameron & Spies (reds.) 1986. Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika in woord en beeld.

Coetzer, P.W. 1986. Die era van apartheid, bl. 271-289.

Davenport 1986. Van referendum tot referendum, 1961-1984, bl. 303-314.

Du Pisani 2012. B.J. Vorster en afsonderlike ontwikkeling, bl. 345-368.

Giliomee 2012e. “Aanpas of sterf”, 1978-1994, bl. 389-404.

Giliomee 2012f. Opstand, oorlog en oorgang, 1984-1994, bl. 405-428.

Giliomee 2012g. Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. ŉ Opperste toets van mag.

Grobler, H. 1989. Afrikaans sentraal in struggle en vra groot commitment, bl. 44-45.

Grobler, J. 2007. Uitdaging & Antwoord. ŉ Vars perspektief op die evolusie van die Afrikaners. (Hoofstuk 8.)

Grobler, J. 2012c. Swart verset teen apartheid, 1950’s -1980’s, bl. 369-388.

Kruger, D.W. 1977e. Die triomf van Nasionalisme en die totstandkoming van die Republiek, 1948-1962, bl. 560-592.

Liebenberg, B.J. 1990e. Die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1961-1978, bl. 520-562.

Scher 2012a. Naoorlogse rasseverhoudings, 1902-1948, bl. 255-273.

Scholtz, J.J.J. 1977. Die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1961-1976, bl. 593-632.

Scholtz, L. 2016a. Kruispaaie. Afrikanerkeuses in die 19de en 20ste eeu. (Hoofstukke 5-8.)

Steyn, J.C. 2014a. ‘Ons gaan ŉ taal maak’. Afrikaans sedert die Patriotjare. (Hoofstukke 12-15.)

Van Aswegen 1986. Suid-Afrika en Afrika, 1961-1984, bl. 293-302.

Van Jaarsveld, F.A. 1979. Die evolusie van apartheid en ander geskiedkundige opstelle.

Wessels, L. 1994. Die einde van ŉ era. (Oor die laaste jare van die NP.)

Sparks 1990b. De kust van de goede hoop: de geschiedenis van Zuid-Afrika.

Barber, J. 1999. South Africa in the Twentieth Century.

Mackinnon 2012. The making of South Africa.

Morris, M. 2004. Every Step of the Way. The Journey to Freedom in South Africa.

Nattras 2017. A Short History of South Africa.

Pretorius, F. (ed.) 2014. A History of South Africa. From the distant past to the present.

Ross, R. 2009. A Concise History of South Africa. (Hoofstukke 5, 6 en 7.)

Sadet 2004. The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Vol. 1 (1960-1970).

Sadet 2011. The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Vol. 2 (1970-1980).

Sadet 2008. The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Vol. 3 (International Solidarity).

Sadet 2010. The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Vol. 4 (1980-1990).

Sadet 2013. The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Vol. 5 (African Solidarity).

Sadet 2013. The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Vol. 6 (1990-1994).

Saul & Bond 2014. South Africa – The present as history. From Mrs Ples to Mandela and Marikana. (Hoofstukke 1-3.)

Saunders e.a. 1994. Reader’s Digest Illustrated History of South Africa: The Real Story.

Sparks 1990a. The mind of South Africa.

Thompson, L. 2000. A History of South Africa.

Van Jaarsveld 1975. From Van Riebeeck to Vorster 1652-1974. An introduction to the history of the Republic of South Africa. (Hoofstukke 14-21.)

Willemse, H. 1993. Rethinking Afrikaans Language and Literature: Facets of a Current Debate, bl. 255-265.

De Klerk, F.W. 2019. “The stories of South Africa.” Toespraak gehou by “the History Society of Eton College, 17 September 2019”. Geplaas 9 Oktober 2019. https://www.fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/938-speech-the-stories-of-south-africa?utm_medium=email&utm_source=sharpspring&sslid=MzO3tDQ0MDWztLQwBwA&sseid=M7Q0NTI0NzU0MAcA&jobid=7a9fafec-ab17-45c7-b3b4-0ea0d0450d94

Erasmus, P. 2020. Confessions of a Stratcom Hitman. Kaapstad: Jacana.

Freund, B. 2018. Twentieth Century South Africa: A developmental history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222

Gerhart, G.M. 1979. Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of Ideology. Berkeley, Calif, London: University of California Press.

Giliomee, H. 2019. The Rise and Demise of the Afrikaners. Kaapstad: Tafelberg.

Gordin, J. 2017. South Africa: The remarkable referendum of 1992. Gulf News. 15 Maart
https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/south-africa-the-remarkable-referendum-of-1992-1.199411.

Makhoba, M. & P. Tom 2016. The Story of One Tells the Struggle of All: Metalworkers under Apartheid. Kaapstad: Jacana.[1]

Oxford Union. 2014. FW de Klerk: Apartheid Indefensible. YouTube. 15 Maart.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZI5fi5zO6I.

SABC Digital News. 2017. White South Africa votes in 1992 referendum (25 years ago). YouTube. 16 Maart.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wcQ9GqJUiDY.

Steward, D. 2020. 75 years after the end of the second world war: Part 1 1945-1994. Geplaas 8 Mei 2020. https://fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/1029-article-75-years-after-the-end-of-the-second-world-war-part-i-1945-1994

Strauss, A. 1993. The 1992 Referendum in South Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 31(2):339–60.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/the-1992-referendum-in-south-africa/8061F89B59C97428629DE9624F7DF35D#.

Traydon, R.J. 2017. The “often overlooked” sledgehammer that ended apartheid. News24. 19 Oktober.
https://m.news24.com/Columnists/GuestColumn/the-often-overlooked-sledgehammer-that-ended-apartheid-20171019.

Bezuidenhout, K. 2020. Nou in die verlede: Die referendum wat ’n einde gemaak het aan apartheid. Geplaas 16 Maart 2020. https://www.litnet.co.za/nou-in-die-verlede-die-referendum-wat-n-einde-gemaak-het-aan-apartheid/

Giliomee, H. 2019. Beloftes aan kiesers en die referendum van 1992. Beeld, 19 Febr. 2019, bl. ???. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/beloftes-aan-kiesers-en-die-referendum-van-1992-20190215 (Die impak van referendum van 1992 op die politieke oorgang.)

La Vita, M. 2019. Afrikaner en Afrikaans se opkoms en ondergang. Geplaas 20 Febr. 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/afrikaner-en-afrikaans-se-opkoms-en-ondergang-20190217

Oosthuizen, J. & L. Wessels 2020. Onderhoud: Leon Wessels gesels met Jean Oosthuizen oor die spoke van apartheid. Geplaas 23 Junie 2020. https://www.litnet.co.za/onderhoud-leon-wessels-gesels-met-jean-oosthuizen-oor-die-spoke-van-apartheid/

Robinson, F. 2020. PW Botha en die Cradock Vier. Geplaas 22 Julie 2020. https://www.litnet.co.za/pw-botha-en-die-cradock-vier/

Wessels, L. 2020. 60 jaar later: Was Sharpeville se verleenthede en geleenthede vergeefs? Geplaas 20 Maart 2020. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/60-jaar-later-was-sharpeville-se-verleenthede-en-geleenthede-tevergeefs-20200320

Wessels. L. 2020. Encountering Apartheid’s Ghosts. From Krugersdorp to Constitution Hill. Kaapstad: Naledi. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/die-spoke-van-apartheid-20200408

Roelf Meyer (NP) en Cyril Ramaphosa (ANC) – hoofanderonderhandelaars tydens die KODESA-proses (https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/beloftes-aan-kiesers-en-die-referendum-van-1992-20190215)

Oor die geskiedenis en politiek van 1994 – tans

“Die geslagte voor ons het met groot uitdagings te kampe gehad. Die een geslag moes die Groot Trek aanpak, die volgende die Anglo-Boereoorlog. Daarna het die modernisering van Afrikaans gevolg waardeur die land opgebou is. Die volgende geslag moes die Koue Oorlog en die Grensoorlog trotseer en het die volkereverhoudingsprobleem probeer oplos deur sogenaamde afsonderlike vryhede. Die volgende geslag het die waagstuk van meerderheidsregering aangepak.

Maar wat is ons taak? Die geskiedenis stel geen geslag vry om maar net op die rug van vorige geslagte se antwoorde op die eise van hul tyd te ry nie. …

Ons verlang nie na die verlede onder die NP nie, maar ons sien ook nie uit na die toekoms onder die ANC nie. Ons wil net ’n normale lewe lei. Ons staan nie vir uitgediende ideologieë nie. Ons werk vir ’n normale toekoms in ’n normale werkende land waar ons en ons gesinne veilig kan leef en bly, en waar almal ’n normale werk kan hê waar ons gelyk behandel word. ’n Normale werk is net moontlik in ’n normale samelewing.” (Buys, F. 2019. Uitkoms vir ons ’droewe’ land. By, Beeld, 10 Aug. 2019, bl. 4-5. https://www.netwerk24com/Stemme/Aktueel/uitkoms-vir-ons-droewe-land-20190809)

“In a speech to parliament on 17 June 1991 President De Klerk said that ‘The year 1991 will become known in history as the year in which South Africa finally removed statutory discrimination – apartheid – from its system. Now it belongs to history.’” (FW de Klerk Foundation 2020. The dismantling of apartheid. Geplaas 1 Julie 2020. https://www.fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/1852-article-the-dismantling-of-apartheid)

“Now, 25 years after the establishment of our new society, South Africa is experiencing serious problems with sluggish economic growth; unacceptable levels of unemployment, violent crime and inequality – and increasing racial mobilisation.” (Oudpres. F.W. de Klerk, 24 Sept 2019 – https://www.fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/938-speech-the-stories-of-south-africa?)

“Our country is fraught, complex and often a very difficult place in which to live. It is 25 years since 1994 when Desmond Tutu proclaimed us ‘the rainbow nation’. What has happened in the intervening years has been hopeful, deeply disappointing, frustrating and then also joyful. We have run the gamut of emotions in this country which ‘is held bleeding between us’ as Antjie Krog says in her poem, Country of Grief and Grace.

South Africa remains one of the most unequal countries in the world, our unemployment rate is at a staggering 29% and millions go to bed hungry every night. We are coming out of nearly a decade of State Capture, facilitated by a ruling ANC which has lost its ethical moorings, and the Zuma years which brought only fiscal disaster and a deep sense of hopelessness. …

The ‘rainbow myth’ has, however, slowly but surely dissipated as the cleavages of race and class often find us adrift. And of course, we know now how deep the rot of the Zuma years was and how much longer it will take to rebuild the institutions which have been hollowed out by almost a decade of State Capture. This has made any attempts at social justice even more fraught. (February, J. 2019. South Africa needs a win – and all eyes are on the Boks. Geplaas 18 Okt. 2019 https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2019-10-28-south-africa-needs-a-win-and-all-eyes-are-on-the-boks/)

“Thirty years ago, on 2 February 1990, a speech was delivered by then President FW de Klerk that marked the beginning of a radically new political landscape for South Africa.

In his opening address to parliament, De Klerk unbanned the exiled liberation movements, notably the African National Congress (ANC), Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) and South African Communist Party (SACP). All had been embroiled in a fight against white minority rule. He also announced a moratorium on the death penalty, the end of the state of emergency – which had been in place for five years – and the release of political prisoners.

The speech set off a series of dramatic, and, until that point, unforeseen events. Nine days later Nelson Mandela was released from prison after 27 years. Within three months the first bilateral talks between the ANC and the De Klerk government happened.” (https://theconversation.com/fw-de-klerk-made-a-speech-30-years-ago-that-ended-apartheid-why-he-did-it-130803?)

Prof Mandela teken, links: Cyril Rampahosa, regs: dr Leon Wessels

Ondertekening van die nuwe Grondwet in 1996

https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/60-jaar-later-was-sharpeville-se-verleenthede-en-geleenthede-tevergeefs-20200320

“Ek het min twyfel dat die politieke toekoms van Suid-Afrika baie anders daar gaan uitsien as gedurende die periode 1910-1994 (en selfs 1994-2020). Dit mag tot ’n groter mate in ooreenstemming gebring word met die groter geskiedkundige konteks en werklikhede wat veel wyer strek as die kleiner historiese heenwysing van die Suid-Afrikaanse staat wat tans as verwysing dien. Vaagweg (as die spreekwoordelike mistigheid verdwyn) kom die groter geheel van werklikhede (geskiedkundig, ekonomies, polities en maatskaplik) in perspektief. Hou ook in gedagte dat ons reeds hierdie verhaal begin skryf het. Die verhaal van môre …” (Prof A. Duvenhage – 28 Junie 2020. https://www.litnet.co.za/die-suid-afrikaanse-politiek-n-tyd-van-fundamentele-verandering/)

“Why is it that our corruption, gross inequalities, our noisy vulgarity, our selfishness, our ineptitude seem much stronger than the good influences at work in our society? Why do the good among us seem so helpless while the worst are full of vile energy?” (Let’s ask these questions of South Africa and provide honest answers).” (https://www.news24.com/news24/Columnists/Mpumelelo_Mkhabela/mpumelelo-mkhabela-the-trouble-with-south-africa-20200704)

“While it is true that apartheid’s legacies remain manifested in many aspects of our lives, there are many choices that have been made and things that have occurred in a post-apartheid society which we would not have expected. …

R is for RACISM and the RAINBOW NATION. While the vast majority of South Africans are socially marginalised by poverty, the “rainbow nation” does not exist. At best, we have a “rainbow elite” and a “black cloud majority”. Given the dehumanisation of black people under apartheid, it would be naïve to expect white-against-black racism to have disappeared after 20 years, but some post-1994 phenomena have reinforced this racism and apartheid-era stereotypes eg the deployment of black African people to positions of responsibility when they often did not have the requisite skills, experience and support structures so that when they have failed, racists would attribute it to black stupidity, or the widespread corruption within government that provokes the snide “this is Africa” remarks or violent crime (in which black African people are statistically the primary victims and perpetrators) makes white people retreat into secure, gated communities like micro Group Areas of our apartheid past. Our political discourse is poisoned by superficial, easy race-speak and cry-wolf accusations of racism where, ironically, it is more possible for former leaders of the National Party to be accommodated within the ruling party than it is for the ruling alliance to accept legitimate criticism from some of its former progressive allies in the struggle against the apartheid policies of the National Party. When ANC leaders dismiss NGOs working primarily to improve the lot of the poor simply as entities run by white puppet masters, it confirms the decline of the ANC’s non-racial ethos and increases the alienation of progressives from the ruling party because of its race double-speak.” (https://thoughtleader.co.za/mikevangraan/2014/01/13/the-a-to-z-of-things-we-cannot-blame-on-apartheid/)

Botha, N. 2013. Dié erfenis knou nasiebou, bl. 8.

Grobler, J. 2007. Uitdaging & Antwoord. ŉ Vars perspektief op die evolusie van die Afrikaners. (Hoofstuk 10.)

Gumede, W. 2012. ANC kan uitdagings van regeer nie hanteer, bl. 3.

Johnson, R. 2012. Eerste tekens van verval, bl. 11. (Verwys na die ANC.)

Joubert, J. 2012. Die demokratiese puberteit, 2004-2011, bl. 581-600.

Maarman 2014. Wat het van my land geword?

Olivier, G. Toe word iemand soos hy president, bl. 17.

Scholtz, L. 2016a. Kruispaaie. Afrikanerkeuses in die 19de en 20ste eeu. (Hoofstukke 9-11.)

Slabbert 2006a. Duskant die geskiedenis. ŉ Persoonlike terugblik op die politieke oorgang in Suid-Afrika.

Terreblanche, S. 2010. Wanfunksioneel. (Oor die verval van die ANC.)

Terreblanche, S. 2014a. Verdeelde land.

Terreblanche, S. 2014b. Wittes skuld nog baie, bl. 13.

Terreblanche, S. 2014c. ŉ Land se ‘eeu van onreg’, bl. 13.

Titus 2013c. Op die lang pad na vereniging, bl. 22.

Van der Westhuizen, C. 2014a. Tydbom tik vinniger, bl. 26.

Wessels, L. 1994. Die einde van ŉ era.

Anoniem 2014j. Corruption index rating worrying – report.

Boraine 2014. What’s gone wrong? On the brink of a failed state.

Haffajee 2015. What If There Were No Whites in South Africa?

Mackinnon 2012. The making of South Africa.

Malala 2015. We have now begun our descent: How to Stop South Africa losing its way.

Mahlatsi, M. 2020. Majority of whites hold same views as De Klerk on apartheid. The Sowetan 19 Feb. 2020. https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2020-02-19-majority-of-whites-hold-same-views-as-de-klerk-on-apartheid/

McKaiser 2015. Run Racist Run. Journey into the heart of Racism.

Morris, M. 2004. Every Step of the Way. The Journey to Freedom in South Africa.

Nattras 2017. A Short History of South Africa.

Nens, N. 2015. South Africa, we embarrass ourselves!!!

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Pretorius, F. (ed.) 2014. A History of South Africa. From the distant past to the present.

Qubo, M. 2020. What it will take to build a capable state in South Africa. Geplaas 27 Feb. 2020. https://theconversation.com/what-it-will-take-to-build-a-capable-state-in-south-africa-132132

Ross, R. 2009. A Concise History of South Africa. (Hoofstukke 7 en 8.)

Saunders e.a. 1994. Reader’s Digest Illustrated History of South Africa: The Real Story.

Sparks 1995. Tomorrow Is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa’s Road to Change.

Thompson, L. 2000. A History of South Africa.

Vale & Prinsloo (eds.) 2015. The New South Africa at Twenty. Critical Perspectives.

Welschen 2012. The country we are supposed to be: ‘born free’ South Africans talk about their nation. (Die verhale van jong Suid-Afrikaners wat ná 1994 gebore is.)

Worden 2012. The making of modern South Africa: Conquest, Apartheid, Democracy.

Chabalala, J. 2020. SA as a nation ‘has not dealt with its past’ – Wits lecturer. Geplaas 9 Julie 2020. https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/sa-as-a-nation-has-not-dealt-with-its-past-wits-lecturer-20200709?isapp=true

Freund, B. 2018. Twentieth Century South Africa : A developmental history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222

Kotze, D. 2020. FW de Klerk made a speech 30 years ago that ended apartheid: why he did it. Geplaas 31 Jan. 2020. https://theconversation.com/fw-de-klerk-made-a-speech-30-years-ago-that-ended-apartheid-why-he-did-it-130803? (Agtergrond tot besluit op 2 Februarie 1990)

Buys, F. 2019. Uitkoms vir ons ’droewe’ land. By, Beeld, 10 Aug. 2019, bl. 4-5. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/uitkoms-vir-ons-droewe-land-20190809

De Klerk-Luttig, J. 2019. Onderwys: die ANC-regering se grootste mislukking die afgelope 25 jaar. Geplaas 4 Junie 2019. https://www.litnet.co.za/onderwys-die-anc-regering-se-grootste-mislukking-die-afgelope-25-jaar/

Du Preez, M. 2018. Valium straks al uitweg vir SA. Beeld, 7 Aug. 2018, bl. 12. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/valium-straks-al-uitweg-vir-sa-20180807

Duvenhage, A. 2020. Die Suid-Afrikaanse politiek – ’n tyd van fundamentele verandering? Geplaas 28 Junie 2020. https://www.litnet.co.za/die-suid-afrikaanse-politiek-n-tyd-van-fundamentele-verandering/

Holm, E. 2019. SEB die rede waarom SA op sy knieë is. Geplaas 16 April 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/seb-die-rede-waarom-sa-op-sy-kniee-is-20190416

Jantjies, J. 2020. ‘Ek dink nie meer aan apartheid as ek wit mans sien nie.’ Geplaas 5 Mei 2020. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Die-Student/ek-dink-nie-meer-aan-apartheid-as-ek-wit-mans-sien-nie-20200501

Makhanya, M. 2018. Cyril kan dié dag berou. Beeld, 7 Aug. 2018, bl. 13. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/cyril-kan-die-dag-berou-20180807-2

Mulder, P. 2019. ANC-reënboog kwyn. Beeld, 10 April.2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/anc-reenboog-kwyn-20190409

Rossouw, J. 2020. Ons lewens ná die ANC. Rapport Weekliks, 17 Mei 2020. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/johann-rossouw-ons-lewens-na-die-anc-20200517

Scholtz, L. 2020. Afrikaanses het nou net hulself. Geplaas 9 Julie 2020. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/afrikaanses-het-nou-net-hulself-20200708

Spies, P. 2019. Verbeel jou: Elke stem tel. Rapport Weekliks, 7 April 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/verbeel-jou-elke-stem-tel-20190407

Sutherland, F. 2019. Tien redes waarom land so sukkel. Die Burger, 16 Aug. 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/MyStem/tien-redes-waarom-land-so-sukkel-20190815

Van der Westhuizen, G. 2019. Sakeleiers moet SA help red. Beeld, 1 Aug. 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/sakeleiers-moet-sa-help-red-20190730

Van Niekerk, A. 2019. Gesoek: Normale SA samelewing. Beeld, 6 Aug. 2019, bl. 8. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/gesoek-normale-sa-samelewing-20190806-2

Ardé, G. 2020. War Party. How the ANC’s political killings are breaking South Africa. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. (Oor hoe teenstand in die ANC hanteer word – deur opponerence stemme fisies uit te wis.)[2]

Butler, A. 2019. Cyril Ramaphosa: The Road to Presidential Power. Jacana.[3]

De Klerk, F.W. 2019. The 25th Anniversary of the South Africa’s historic constitutional transformation: defending the Constitution and looking to the future. Speech by former President FW de Klerk on the 20th anniversary of the FW de Klerk Foundation, the Table Bay Hotel, 6 June 2019. Geplaas 6 Junie 2019. https://www.fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/901-speech-the-25th-anniversary-of-south-africa-s-historic-constitutional-transformation-defending-the-constitution-and-looking-to-the-future (Terugblik oor die sukses al dan nie van die oorgang ná ’n nuwe politieke bedeling in 1994)

De Klerk, F.W. 2020. 30 years after 2 February 1990. Speech by former president F.W. de Klerk, to to FW de Klerk Foundation Annual Conference, Radisson Blu Hotel. Granger Bay, Cape Town on 31 Januarie 2020. Geplaas 1 Feb. 2020. https://www.fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/976-speech-30-years-after-2-february-1990

FW de Klerk Foundation 2020. The dismantling of apartheid. Geplaas 1 Julie 2020. https://www.fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/1852-article-the-dismantling-of-apartheid?

Herbst, E. 2018. A comradely brew of incompetence, greed and narcissism. Geplaas 30 Julie 2018. https://www.biznews.com/thought-leaders/2018/07/30/anc-incompetence-greed-narcissism-herbst (Oor verval in ANC se regeringsvermoë en die gevolge daarvan.)

Kotze, D. 2018. Why April 27 in 1994 marked a point of no return for South Africa. Geplaas 29 April 2018. https://theconversation.com/why-april-27-in-1994-marked-a-point-of-no-return-for-south-africa-95681?

Mkhabela, M. 2018. Mistake of the Nation: The lost decade of Zuma rule. Geplaas 15 Febr. 2018. https://m.news24.com/Analysis/mistake-of-the-nation-the-lost-decade-of-zuma-rule-20180215 (Oor die skade wat oudpres. Jacob Zuma die land besorg.)

Mkhabela, M. 2020. The trouble wit South Africa. Geplaas 4 Julie 2020. https://www.news24.com/news24/Columnists/Mpumelelo_Mkhabela/mpumelelo-mkhabela-the-trouble-with-south-africa-20200704?i

Porteous, R. 2020. OPINION | White South Africans: We have got to get real about race. Geplaas 7 Julie 2020. https://www.news24.com/news24/Columnists/GuestColumn/opinion-white-south-africans-we-have-got-to-get-real-about-race-20200707 [4]

Sibanda, O.S. 2019. State Capture: Little did we suspect that our own people would be as corrupt as the apartheid regime. Geplaas 28 Jan. 2019. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2019-01-28-state-capture-little-did-we-suspect-that-our-own-people-would-be-as-corrupt-as-the-apartheid-regime/

Steward, D. 2020. 75 years after the end of the second world war: Part II 1994-2000. Geplaas 15 Mei 2020.

https://fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/1030-article-75-years-after-the-end-of-the-second-world-war-part-ii-1994-2020

Stremlau, J. 2019. How the fall of the Berlin Wall 30 years ago resonated across Africa. Geplaas 8 Nov. 2019.

Van Graan, M. 2014. The A to Z of things we cannot blame on apartheid. Mail & Guardian, 13 Jan. 2024. https://thoughtleader.co.za/mikevangraan/2014/01/13/the-a-to-z-of-things-we-cannot-blame-on-apartheid/

Wessels. L. 2020. Encountering Apartheid’s Ghosts. From Krugersdorp to Constitution Hill. Kaapstad: Naledi. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/die-spoke-van-apartheid-20200408

Internetskakels

Wikipedia 2013a. Afrikaans.

Wikipedia 2013 (118). History of South Africa.

Wikipedia 2013 (119). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika.

2.2 Die Nasionale Party en apartheid

2.2.1 Die opkoms en val van die Nasionale Party

“Die Nasionale Party onder dr. D.F. Malan het op 26 Mei 1948 in Suid-Afrika aan die bewind gekom toe die Malan-Havenga-vennootskap die verkiesing met 8 stemme gewen het. Die Afrikaanse Kultuuralamank (1980) skryf dat die nuwe regering ‘n groot ommeswaai in beleidsrigtings in die land gebring het, veral ten opsigte van die kleurkwessie. Apartheid is op verskeie terreine in wetgewing vasgelê, bv. die Groepsgebiedewet en die Bevolkingsregistrasiewet.” (Frikkie Wallis, Facebook, 26 Mei 2019)

“Rasse-nasionalisme was die ondergang van die Nasionale Party-regering, want dit het die land verhinder om die vaardighede en entrepreneurskap van al sy mense ten volle te benut. Dieselfde nasionalisme dreig om die ondergang van die ANC te wees. Die huidige rasse-beleid is besig om ons ekonomie te wurg.” (A. de Vries 2013b: 2)

“Die druk van eers die Britse imperialisme en later die vrees dat hulle deur die swart meerderheid verswelg kan word, het egter in die 20ste eeu by die Afrikaners ’n eksistensiële angs geskep dat hul bestaan.” (L. Scholtz 2015b)

Aanvullende bronne

Anoniem 2014e. Die einde van apartheid – só het dit gebeur.

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Giliomee 2012d. ’n “Gesuiwerde” nasionalisme, 1924-1948, bl. 293-310.

Giliomee 2012e. “Aanpas of sterf”, 1978-1994, bl. 389-404.

Giliomee 2012f. Opstand, oorlog en oorgang, 1984-1994, bl. 405-428.

Giliomee 2012g. Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. ŉ Opperste toets van mag.

Grobler, J. 2012b. Swart politieke ontwikkeling, 1875-1949, bl. 311-324.

Grobler, J. 2012c. Swart verset teen apartheid, 1950’s -1980’s, bl. 369-388.

Jacobs, B. 2013. Ter wille van geregtigheid, bl. 3. (F.W. de Klerk oor 2 Feb. 1990.)

Landman, C. 2015. FW, erken jy is met ŉ slap riem gevang, bl. 20.

Le Roux, A. 2016b. SA vandag ŉ beter plek – FW, bl. 22-23.

Prince 2015c. NP-regering moes so gou moontlik met ANC skik, sê FW.

Scher 2012a. Naoorlogse rasseverhoudings, 1902-1948, bl. 255-273.

Scholtz, J.J.J. 1977. Die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1961-1976, bl. 593-632.

Scholtz, L. 2013i. Tango verg wel twéé mense, bl. 14.

Scholtz, L. 2016a. Kruispaaie. Afrikanerkeuses in die 19de en 20ste eeu.

Sonn 2013. FW is nié ŉ ‘Judas’, bl. 13.

Swanepoel, J. 2014. Nat en trots daarop, bl. 22.

Van Jaarsveld, F.A. 1979. Die evolusie van apartheid en ander geskiedkundige opstelle.

Wessels, L. 1994. Die einde van ŉ era.

Davenport & Saunders 2000. South Africa: A modern history. (Hoofstukke 14-20.) (ŉ Goeie oorsig.)

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Mackinnon 2012. The making of South Africa.

Moodie, T.D. 1975. The Rise of Afrikanerdom. Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion.

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Sadet 2013. The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Vol. 6 (1990-1994). (M. du Preez bied in hoofstukke 2 en 18 ‘n oorsig oor die veranderingsproses binne die Nasionale Party.)

Saul & Bond 2014. South Africa – The present as history. From Mrs Ples to Mandela and Marikana. (Hoofstuk 1.)

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Spitz & Chaskalson 2000. The Politics of Transition: A hidden history of South Africa’s negotiated settlement.

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Van Jaarsveld, F.A. 1975. From Van Riebeeck to Vorster 1652-1974. An introduction to the history of the Republic of South Africa. (Hoofstukke 14-21.)

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Verwoerd, W.J. (samesteller) 2018. Verwoerd aan die woord II: Die laaste vier jaar – Toesprake 1963-1966. Pretoria: Protea. (Vgl. B. Nasson se resensie hiervan: “Verwoerd: Waardevolle terugblik of aanstootlike anachronisme?”, Rapport Weekliks, 9 Junie 2018, bl. 13.)

Lodge, T. 2011. Sharpeville: An apartheid massacre and its consequences. Oxford & New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Oor die Vryheidsmanifes / “Freedom Charter”

Cronin J, Suttner R. 1986. Thirty years of the Freedom Charter. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.

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Roberts, B. 2020. South Africa’s Freedom Charter campaign holds lessons for the pursuit of a fairer society. Geplaas 25 Junie 2020. https://theconversation.com/south-africas-freedom-charter-campaign-holds-lessons-for-the-pursuit-of-a-fairer-society-141316

University of the Witwatersrand Archives. Digitised Collection. 1956 Treason Trial AD 1812 (Eg 4.1.l.5). Preparatory document BT.25 – ‘A Freedom Charter in Afrikaans’. Translated by Uys Krige. http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/?inventory_enhanced/U/Collections&c=257097/R/AD1812-Eg4-1-1-5

University of the Witwatersrand. Historical Papers. The Freedom Charter. AD1137. Ea6-1-001. http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdfo/AD1137/AD1137-Ea6-1-001-jpeg.pdf

Van Heerden D. 1985. Vryheidsmanifes nog gesteun. Die Vaderland. Johannesburg. 16 April 1985: 11.

Internetskakels

South African History Online. Towards a people’s history. http://www.sahistory.org.za/

Wikipedia 2013a. Afrikaans.

Wikipedia 2013 (118). History of South Africa.

Wikipedia 2013 (119). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika.

Wikipedia

Dokumentere rolprent oor die politieke oorgang in Suid-Afrika ná 1994

Fazel 2013. Reminding us of the miracle of South Africa’s transition.

Die Nasionale Party

Aucamp, I. & J. Swanepoel 2007. Einde van ‘n Groot Party: ŉ Vrystaatse perspektief op die (N)NP.

Cameron & Spies (reds.) 1986. Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika in woord en beeld.

Coetzer, P.W. 1986. Die era van apartheid, bl. 271-289.

De Lange 2005. NNP besluit om finaal te ontbind, bl. 9.

De Villiers, D. 2015. Die Burger en die verkiesing van 1948, bl. 8-9.

Geyser & Marais (reds.) 1975. Die Nasionale Party Deel I: Agtergrond, Stigting en Konsolidasie.

Geyser & Marais (reds.) 1975-1994. Die Nasionale Party. 5 dele.

Malan, M.P.A. 1964. Die Nasionale Party van Suid-Afrika, sy stryd en sy prestasies, 1914-1964.

Naude, J.D. 1965. Generaal J.B.M. Hertzog en die ontstaan van die Nasionale Party, 1913-1914.

NP 1964. Die Nasionale Party 50, 1914-1964: spesiale feesbylaag. Johannesburg: Nasionale Party.

Scholtz, G.D. 1960. Die Naturellebeleid van die Nasionale Party onder Hertzog, Malan, Strijdom en Verwoerd.

Swanepoel, J. 2014. Nat en trots daarop, bl. 22.

Van Wyk, A.H. 2005. Die rol van die verligtes in die Nasionale Party in die politieke ontmagtiging van die Afrikaner, 1966-1994 (Afrikaans). (M.A.)

F. Malan

Booyens 1969. Die lewe van D.F. Malan: die eerste veertig jaar.

Cornelissen, M.E. 1999. Die Apartheidsdenke van D.F. Malan en die uitwerking daarvan op Wit/Bruin-verhoudinge. (D.Phil.)

Korf 2010. D.F. Malan. A Political Biography. (Ph.D.)

Koorts 2014a. D.F. Malan en die opkoms van Afrikanernasionalisme.

Koorts 2014b. Die doktor en die Nazi-ondier, bl. 22-23.

Malan, D.F. 1959. Afrikaner Volkseenheid en my Ervarings op die Pad Daarheen.

Malan, D.F. 1917. De Achteruitgang van Ons Volk. De Oorzaken Daarvan en de Redmiddelen.

Malan, D.F. 1923. Die Groot Vlug. ‘n Nabetragting van die Arm-Blanke-Kongres, 1923, en van die Offisiële Sensusopgawe.

Pienaar & Scholtz (reds.) 1964. Glo in u volk – dr D.F. Malan as redenaar, 1908-1954.

Sieberhagen, C. 2014. Agter DF Malan se dikraam-bril, bl. 18-19.

Thom 1980. D.F. Malan.

Internetskakels

Wikipedia 2013 (239). Daniël Francois Malan.

Wikipedia 2014 (63). Nasionale Party.

Wikipedia 2014 (64). Nasionale Party.

Wikipedia 2014 (68). Apartheid.

Wikipedia 2014 (69). Hendrik Verwoerd.

Wikipedia 2014 (70). B.J. Vorster.

Wikipedia 2014 (71). P.W. Botha.

Wikipedia 2014 (74). Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 1994.

Wikipedia 2014 (75). South African general election, 1994.

Wikipedia 2014 (76). F.W. de Klerk.

2.2.2 Apartheid: aard en impak

Kaapstad 1976:

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/12/hell-lot-of-hurt-writers-confront-south-africa-apartheid-past?

“Die NP het die stigma aan apartheid met terme soos ‘afsonderlike ontwikkeling’ probeer ongedaan maak. Die ontkenning van apartheid se rassistiese grondslag is egter van waarheid ontbloot deur die beleidsgevolge: swart mense is benadeel, wit mense is bevoordeel.” (C. Van der Westhuizen 2014b: 14)

“Volgens hom het Suid-Afrikaners as nasie sedert 1994 baie gedoen om die ongekende pyn van die verlede te vergeet. Die gebruik van dié woord [die k-woord] veroorsaak dat ou wonde oopgekrap word en wakker rassespanning en vyandigheid aan …” (S. Carstens 2014: 4)[5]

“First the English made the Afrikaners feel ba-ad, then the Afrikaners made the Africans feel ba-ad. And now we can all start feeling goo-ood.” (Mazisi Kunene, aangehaal in H. van Vuuren 2014)

“We may have different religions, different languages, different colored skin. But we all belong to one human race. We all share the same basic values.” (http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan)

“Maar die Naturellen Grond Wet van 1913, wat swart Suid-Afrikaners se eiendomsreg tot sowat 8 persent van die land se grond beperk het, was ’n daad van naakte onreg en aggressie wat nie eens met toegewings aan die tydgees van die vroeë 20ste eeu geregverdig kan word nie.” (M. du Preez 2015e).

“We should conceptualise the apartheid regime by looking at it not just as an imperial holdover, with its essential truths to be found in studying the political economy of the early twentieth century (or earlier), but also by looking at what was happening in the world at the time period in question. South African politics did not take place in a vacuum.” (J. Miller, skrywer van Miller 2016, soos aangehaal in https://imperialglobalexeter.com/2016/09/15/author-interview-an-african-volk-the-apartheid-regime-and-its-search-for-survival/#more-4134)

“… historische handelingen (etteren) nog steeds door (…). We zeggen niet dat de apartheid een Nederlandse uitvinding was, maar om zo’n systeem te laten slagen, heb je ingrediënten nodig die de basis leggen. Uitsluiting was er vanaf het begin.” (Aangehaal in B. Vermeulen 2017)

“Apartheid het ’n impak gehad op elke liewe aspek van mense se lewens – nie net fisiek en ekonomies nie, maar ook psigies. Die sielkundige littekens verdwyn nie gou nie, en is dalk net goed weggesteek.” (Aangehaal in W. Brümmer 2016d)

“Die apartheidsmasjien het mense in aparte drukgange grootgemaak. Die indeling in drukgange het primêr plaasgevind volgens ras, maar ook volgens etnisiteit, klas, gender en seksualiteit, en die dobbelsteen wat geval het tydens ’n geboorte het bepaal waar ’n mens beland het.” (A. Kok 2017b)

“… ŉ mens (moet) ook erken dat apartheid ŉ gruwelike, volkome onregmatige stelsel was”. (Prof. C. van der Westhuizen 2018 – https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/winnie-was-nie-n-monster-20180411)

“Ons het in ŉ samelewing geleef waar velkleur bepaal het waar mens woon, met wie jy kan trou, watter werk jy kan doen, en of jy met respek of minagting behandel word.” (L. Koorts 2018 – https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/konfronteer-ons-die-verlede-20180518)

“Wanneer dit by apartheid kom is Afrikaners die vernaamste aandadiges, en dit is te verstan dat niemand die skuldige in ŉ historiese verhaal wil wees nie. Die verlede kan egter nie weggevee word nie – hy bly saam met ons voortleef.” (L. Koorts 2018 – https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/konfronteer-ons-die-verlede-20180518)

“Elkeen van ons word elke dag beoordeel op grond van kleur, nog voordat ons ons mond oopgemaak het. Daar word oorhaastige oordele gevel sonder dat mense die moeite doen om die persoon agter die velkleur te leer ken.” (B. Wyngaard 2019 – https://www.litnet.co.za/nathan-phillips-nick-sandmann-en-die-maga-saga/)

“Apartheid is een van die ergste tragedies wat ons land tot nog toe getref het. Swart mense is minder bevoordeel as wit mense, en mense wat teen apartheid was, het swaargekry.

Daar is vandag nog baie goed wat gevoelens veroorsaak. Daar is so baie mense wat nog ander rassegroepe haat, juis as gevolg van dit wat lank terug gebeur het. ..

Daar is ook so baie swart mense wat nie van wit mense hou nie. As gevolg van apartheid en dit waardeur ons oupas en oumas gegaan het, is daar baie mense van my ouderdom wat nie van hulle hou nie. Hulle is nog kwaad oor dit wat in die verlede gebeur het.

Swart mense moes baklei om nie onderrig in Afrikaans te ontvang nie, hulle moes hard baklei vir menseregte en baie meer. Baie swart mense het hulle lewe verloor sodat ons in ŉ vry land kan woon.” (Mokoena, K. 2019. ‘Apartheid maak nog seer’. Geplaas 26 Maart 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Die-Student/apartheid-maak-nog-seer-20190325)

“Nes baie Afrikaners 100 jaar ná die Boereoorlog steeds diep sielswonde het, moet ons weet dat daar by swart mense, 25 jaar ná die einde van apartheid, nog diepgewortelde woede, hartseer en pyn is. En as jy magteloos en woedend voel omdat jy arm en werkloos is, is ‘n logiese menslike reaksie om iemand daarvoor te wil blameer en straf. Vir die politici is dit gerieflik om die blaam elders te probeer plaas.

Ons moet mekaar se pyn verstaan as ons saam die toekoms wil in, maar dit beteken nie dat ons nie moet opstaan teen die groteske geweld in hierdie land nie.” (A. Burgess, 2019. https://www.vryeweekblad.com/nuus-en-politiek/2019-06-07-plaasmoorde-die-skimme-van-geweld-wat-ons-harte-oopkloof/)

“Dis interessant dat die geslag Afrikaners wat regstreeks by die oorlog betrokke was, relatief gematig was; die radikalisering van die Afrikanernasionalisme in die jare 1933-’48 was afkomstig van die eerste geslag ná die oorlog, van die oorlewendes van die kampe.” (Scholtz, L. 2019. Laat die emosies eerder agterweë. Die Burger, 27 Junie 2019, bl. 14. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/laat-die-emosies-eerder-agterwee-20190626)

“In die hoogbloei van apartheid het ’n mens meermale die protes teen die abnormaliteit en die versugting na normaliteit in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing verneem. Veral wanneer probeer is om byvoorbeeld sportspanne meer verteenwoordigend te maak, het die kreet verrys: ‘No normal sport in an abnormal society.’

Die abnormaliteit van apartheid was veral geleë in die verpolitisering van hopeloos te veel besluite wat gewone mense ten opsigte van alledaagse situasies moes neem. Besluite soos na watter skool om jou kind te stuur, na watter universiteit, waar jy woon, (meesal ook) waar jy gaan werk, by watter winkels jy koop, waar jy jou hare laat sny, of jy ’n fliek of teaterstuk gaan kyk, of jy kan werk vir bevordering, of jy ’n onderneming kan begin, watter soort onderneming jy kan begin – dit alles was keer op keer politieke besluite. Apartheid was so destruktief omdat dit die gewone, alledaagse lewe van mense op hierdie manier verpolitiseer het.” (Van Niekerk, A. 2019. Gesoek: Normale SA samelewing. Beeld, 6 Aug. 2019, bl. 8. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/gesoek-normale-sa-samelewing-20190806-2) (Eie kursivering)

“Vraag deur Jean Oosthuizen: Sal die spoke van apartheid ooit tot rus kom? Suid-Afrikaners leef vandag steeds in twee wêrelde, naamlik wit en bevoorreg in een wêreld en swart en histories benadeel in ’n ander wêreld. Hoe bou mens ’n brug tussen hierdie twee wêrelde as die kloof tussen hulle so wyd is?

Antwoord deur Leon Wessels: Apartheidspoke sal hulle nie laat begrawe nie. Ons praat dan nou nog oor die Anglo- Boereoorlog en ons lees vandag nog gereeld stories van daardie konflik in die dagblaaie. Dit is belangrik om ’n bewussyn van die verlede te hê maar nie toe te laat dat dit jou pootjie wanneer jy uitreik na die toekoms nie. Die kloof is wyd, maar dit is ons roeping om daaraan te werk. Daar is vir almal, hoe beskeie ook al, ’n geleentheid om brûe te bou.” (https://www.litnet.co.za/onderhoud-leon-wessels-gesels-met-jean-oosthuizen-oor-die-spoke-van-apartheid/)

“The mere repetition of the list of apartheid laws that were repealed between 1982 and 1993 attests to the degree to which apartheid constituted, for so many years, an egregious denial of the fundamental human rights of tens of millions of black, Indian and coloured South Africans. FW de Klerk used his appearance before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on 14 May 1997 to apologise in his capacity as Leader of the National Party ‘to the millions of South Africans who suffered the wrenching disruption of forced removals from their homes, businesses and land; who over the years suffered the shame of being arrested for pass law offences; who over the centuries had suffered the indignities and humiliation of racial discrimination; who had been prevented from exercising their full democratic rights in the land of their birth; who were unable to achieve their full potential; and who in any way suffered as a result of the policies and actions of former governments.’” (FW de Klerk Foundation 2020. The dismantling of apartheid. Geplaas 1 Julie 2020. https://www.fwdeklerk.org/index.php/en/latest/news/1852-article-the-dismantling-of-apartheid

“Racism, like other forms of systemic oppression, is founded in ideology and occurs when a racial group’s prejudice is embedded in legal authority and institutional control. … We need to see racism for what it is – a system into which we’ve been socialised, that dictates the unequal status quo.” (https://www.news24.com/news24/Columnists/GuestColumn/opinion-white-south-africans-we-have-got-to-get-real-about-race-20200707?)

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Dubow, DS. 1989. Racial segregation and the origins of aparheid in South Africa, 1919-36. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan in association with St. Antony’s College, Oxford.

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Mokoena, K. 2019. ‘Apartheid maak nog seer’. Geplaas 26 Maart 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Die-Student/apartheid-maak-nog-seer-20190325

Ngobese, S. 2019. Daar is in SA g’n rasseoorlog; dis net ‘n mite … Rapport Weekliks, 27 Jan. 2019, bl. 6. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/sihle-ngobese-daar-is-in-sa-gn-rasseoorlog-dis-net-n-mite-20190127

Pieter, Bloemfontein 2019. Ons is bruin, nie swart of wit. Volksblad, 13 Maart 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/MyStem/ons-is-bruin-nie-swart-of-wit-20190312

Pinnock, D. 2019. Bendes: ‘Apartheid het maatskaplike ramp geskep’. Geplaas 12 Aug. 2019. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/bendes-apartheid-het-maatskaplike-ramp-geskep-20190812

Prins, J. 2019. ‘Dat ŉ swart vrou nés my ma kon wees.’ By, Beeld, 13 April 2019, bl. 6.

Taalpasifis, Sasolburg 2019. Nierassigheid nie só verwesenlik. Beeld, 23 Mei 2019, bl. 12.

Van der Merwe, S. 2018. Kriel oor dié redes reg én verkeerd. By, Beeld, 2 Junie 2018, bl. 16-17.

Wyngaard, H. 2020. Ras en die tale wat ons praat. Die Burger, 27 Junie 2020. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/ras-en-die-tale-wat-ons-praat-20200625 (Oor waarom die gebruik van die term ‘kleurling’ onaanvaarbaar is.)

Burke, J. 2020. A hell of a lot of hurt’: writers confront South Africa’s apartheid past. The Guardian,. 12 Julie 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/12/hell-lot-of-hurt-writers-confront-south-africa-apartheid-past

Cronje, F. 2018. Apartheid was a crime against humanity, but ‘of a particular kind’. Geplaas 22 Mei 2018. https://www.news24.com/Columnists/GuestColumn/apartheid-was-a-crime-against-humanity-but-of-a-particular-kind-20180522

Wessels. L. 2020. Encountering Apartheid’s Ghosts. From Krugersdorp to Constitution Hill. Kaapstad: Naledi. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/die-spoke-van-apartheid-20200408

Zille, H. 2018. From the inside: What is racism? Geplaas 25 Junie 2018. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-06-25-from-the-inside-what-is-racism/

Internetskakels

“Apartheid Legislation in South Africa” – http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm

Wikipedia 2013g. Apartheid in South Africa.

Wikipedia 2014 (67). Apartheid legislation in South Africa.

Wikipedia 2014 (68). Apartheid.

Wikipedia 2014 (72). Steve Biko.

Wikipedia 2014 (73). Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa.

Wikipedia 2014 (83). Racial segregation.

Nelson Mandela

Giliomee 2012f. Opstand, oorlog en oorgang, 1984-1994, bl. 415-427.

Giliomee &Mbenga (reds.) 2007. Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika. (Hoofstuk 15, bl. 411-417 oor die “Mandela-presidensie”.)

Meredith 2010. Mandela. A Biography.

Sampson, A. 2011. Mandela: The Authorised Biography.

Xaso, L. 2018. Mandela and the curse of presentism. Geplaas 10 Junie 2018. https://www.news24.com/Columnists/GuestColumn/mandela-and-the-curse-of-presentism-20180610 (Oor Nelson Mandela se nalatenskap.)

Internetskakels

Wikipedia 2014 (80), (81) en (82). Nelson Mandela.

http://archive.nelsonmandela.org vir ’n internetmuseum (vgl. P. Van Wyk 2012: 3 vir meer inligting hieroor).

Rassisme

“Race-thinking has been discredited for decades. But it is still with us. Yet race is a historical contingency, not a state of nature. One of the most sinister things about race is that its sibling, racism, not only lasts, but continues to grow. Race has so co-opted our consciousness and language that any attempt to deal with the effects of racism has been very difficult. …

So, should we stop talking about race? In a word, no. We must understand the full expanse and power of racial language. Denial of race will not bring about the demise of race, instead it only cloaks terms that perpetuate the power of the concept and its potential for harm.

What we need to do is unpack the term ‘race’ from other confusions surrounding it.

Do races have a biological reality? If race is biologically real, then it should only be defined by a biological meaning. All people living today belong to one species, Homo sapiens, and this species has never been divided into separate groups that were on their way to becoming new species.”

Jablonski, N.G. & G. Maré (eds.) 2018. The effects of race. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media.

Maré, G. (ed.) 2019. Race in Education. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media.

Jablonski, N.G. (ed.) 2020. Persistence of Race. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media.

Jablonski, N.G. & G. Chaplin. 2020. We need to unpack the word ‘race’ and find new language. Geplaas 3 Aug. 2020. https://theconversation.com/we-need-to-unpack-the-word-race-and-find-new-language-138379?

Jablonski, N.G. & B. Pityana 2020. Why does racism prevail? Leading scholars apply their minds. Geplaas 3 Julie 2020. https://theconversation.com/why-does-racism-prevail-leading-scholars-apply-their-minds-138363

2.3 Die gevolge van apartheid

“Unfortunately, apartheid also offered new proof of how badly human beings can treat each other. Mindful of this, the leaders of the new South Africa set out to teach the world a new lesson, of how well those same human beings can learn to live together.” (Downing 2006: 50)

“Racism in not a one race sickness, it effects all races.” (Mngenela 2016)

“Ag, jy weet mos: Wit hou nie van swart of bruin nie, swart hou ook nie van wit of bruin nie en bruin hou ook nie van wit of swart nie”. (D. Marais 2016a: 4)

Aanvullende bronne

Botha, K. 2018. Begryp pyn wat ou vlag bring, bl. 11.

Cilliers, S. 2014. Apartheid: mens kan lyding nie gou vergeet, bl. 2.

Cloete, B. 2015a. Wit mense het gŉ swaargekry, bl. 10.

Cloete, B. 2015b. Wit, bruin en swart mense se swaarkry, bl. 10.

Cruse 1947. Die opheffing van die Kleurling-bevolking.

Ferreira, L. 2012a. ‘Geld, nie ras, is SA se pyn’, bl. 8.[7]

Giliomee 2012h. Apartheid: was dit dan net boos?, bl. 1.

Jackson, N. 2012. Was apartheid rêrig verkeerd?, bl. 14.

Kinghorn (red.) 1986. Die NG 53 apartheid af, bl. III.

Nel, A. 2014. Die vrae wat nooit ophou nie, bl. 7.

Redakteur Beeld 2014a. Rassisme is nie goed vir wins nie, bl. 18.

Retief, H. 2016e. ‘n Halfeeu oue seer brand nog, bl. 11.

Scholtz, L. 2012c. Die bedoelings agter baasskap.

Scholtz, L. 2016a. Kruispaaie. Afrikanerkeuses in die 19de en 20ste eeu. (Hoofstuk7.)

Titus 2014. Taal moet uit ‘verdomhoekje’, bl. 128.

Wagenstroom 1940. Kleurlinge en Afrikaans. Waarom baie se houding vandag vyandig is, bl. 35.

Beinart & Dubow (eds.) 1995. Segregation and Apartheid in Twentieth Century South Africa.

Clark & Worger 2011 (2^nd ed.). South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid.

Cornevin 1980. Apartheid. Power and Historical Falsification.

Dlamini 2014. Askari – A story of collaboration and betrayal in the anti-apartheid struggle.

Downing 2006. Apartheid in South Africa. Witness to History.

Du Plooy, E. 2017. What it means to be children of slaves.

Farrah 2007. Not Black, Not White. The Politics of Apartheid in South Africa.

Morris, M. 2011. Apartheid. An Illustrated History.

October 2017. Whose Krotoa is it anyway?

Pitt (dir.) 2008. Understanding Apartheid. Learner’s Book.

Posel 1991. The Making of Apartheid, 1948-1961: Conflict and Compromise.

Sparks 1995. Tomorrow Is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa’s Road to Change.

Subirós (ed.) 2007. Apartheid. The South African Mirror. (Boek met ’n verskeidenheid foto’s ter illustrasie van apartheid.)

Van Rensburg, M.C.J. 1999. Afrikaans and Apartheid, bl. 77-95.

Worden 2012. The making of modern South Africa: Conquest, Apartheid, Democracy.

Du Preez, M. 2018. Wit en swart van rassisme. Beeld, 3 April 2018. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/wit-en-swart-van-rassisme-20180402

Tabane, R. 2019. Lang ras-pad lê nog vir SA voor. Beeld, 18, 2019, bl. 10.

Internetskakels

Wikipedia 2014 (68). Apartheid.

Wikipedia 2014 (83). Racial segregation.

2.4 Apartheid en Afrikaans

“Apartheid vreet aan ons gewete as wit mense omdat dit die basiese menswees van die meeste van ons mede-Suid-Afrikaners in sy wese aangetas het.” (A. van Niekerk 2012: III)

“Die meerderheid wit mense in Suid-Afrika – Afrikaanses ook – is nie rassiste nie en werk hard daaraan om van die land ŉ sukses te maak.” (Redakteur Beeld, 22 Jan. 2014a, bl. 18)

“By die konferensie het ek die Afrikaners bedank vir hul bydrae tot die onderwys. Sonder erkenning vir hul enorme grondlegging kan ons nie voortbou daarop nie. Ja, daar was apartheid, pyn, maar dit wil nie sê alles was sleg nie. My geslag bewys vir ons kinders jy moenie omstandighede die skuld gee nie, jy kan deurbreek.” (Derick Petersen, aangehaal in H. Retief 2014b: 4)

“Afrikaners onderskat die bitterheid onder swart Suid-Afrikaners oor Afrikaans se eertydse rol as ‘taal van die onderdrukker’.” (Prof. Jonathan Jansen, aangehaal in Jeffreys 2016d: 361)

“Ons kan nie daarvan wegskram dat Afrikaans die taal van die apartheidsregering was nie en dat dit bevoordeel is ten koste van Afrikatale nie.” (A. Lotriet 2019 – https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/da-se-een-sa-vir-almal-nie-een-taal-vir-almal-nie-20190301)

Aanvullende bronne

Du Plessis, L.T. 1992. Veranderde opvattings rondom Afrikaans sedert die sewentigerjare, bl. 91-115.

Du Plessis, L.T. 2004a. Afrikaans en taalaktivisme, bl. 169-182.

Grobler, H. 1989. Afrikaans sentraal in struggle en vra groot commitment, bl. 44-45.

Grobler, J. 2012c. Swart verset teen apartheid, 1950’s -1980’s, bl. 369-388.

Holm, E. 2016b. Mettertyd leer jy ras dui nie op gedrag nie, bl. 13.

Koopman, N. 2016a. Woorde is ’n voertuig vir transformasie.

La Vita 2013. Die lewe is ’n reis, bl. 9.

Nel, A. 2014. Die vrae wat nooit ophou nie, bl. 7.

Scholtz, L. 2016a. Kruispaaie. Afrikanerkeuses in die 19de en 20ste eeu. (Hoofstukke 4-7.)

Steyn, J.C. 1980. Tuiste in eie taal. (Hoofstuk 8.)

Steyn, J.C. 1984. Die oorlewing van Afrikaans, bl. 3-29.

Steyn, J.C. 2014a. ‘Ons gaan ŉ taal maak’. Afrikaans sedert die Patriotjare. (Hoofstukke 12-15.)

Theron, N. 2016. Afrikaners: Nuwe Groot Trek is nodig.

Trantraal 2014a. Sypaadjies: Hou op vi ôs blame vi wat julle gedoen ‘et, bl. 15.

Trantraal 2014b. Sypaadjies: Die unforgivable ding wat ekkie mee kan deal ‘ie, bl. 15.

Van den Heever, R. 1987. Tree na vryheid. ŉ Studie in Alternatiewe Afrikaans.

Van den Heever, R. (red.) 1988. Afrikaans en bevryding.

Van Niekerk. A. 2012. Klad van apartheid nie só weggepraat, bl. 8.

Van Rensburg, M.C.J. 1989b. Oor die depolitisering van Afrikaans: vertrekpunte vir ‘n gesprek, bl. 42-47.

Van Rensburg, M.C.J. 2012. So kry ons Afrikaans. (Hoofstuk VI.)

Van Rensburg e.a. 1997. Afrikaans in Afrika. (Hoofstuk 6.)

Wagenstroom 1940. Kleurlinge en Afrikaans. Waarom baie se houding vandag vyandig is, bl. 35.

Webb 2001. Die bevordering van Afrikaans, bl. 164-178.

Harvey 2000. South Africa: Afrikaans: The Product Of A Racist History, bl. 35.

Kriel, M. 2013. Loose Continuity: The Post-Apartheid Afrikaans Language Movement in Historical Perspective.

Rantoa 2005. Government should do away with Afrikaans medium schools, bl. 9.

Webb 2002. Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development.

Webb 2010. Constructing an inclusive language community from two mutually excluding ones: The third Afrikaans language movement, bl. 106-120.

Webb & Du Plessis (reds.). 2006. The politics of language in South Africa.

Pieterse, H.J. 1995. ‘Alternatiewe Afrikaans’: ‘n historiese oorsig en tipologie. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde. Supplement 26 13: 133-162.

2.5 Besinning

Die bevryding van Afrikaans: Soweto – 16 Junie 1976

“Toe ons in 1976 in opstand gekom het, het ons dit gedoen omdat ons in ons hart geglo het hierdie land se jeug – spesifiek die swart jeug van destyds – verdien ’n beter onderwysstelsel. Politieke posisies, soos burgemeester en minister, was ons nie beskore nie en dit was ook nooit in ons denke of ons doelwit nie. Ons was almal brandarm studente, en ons geleerdheid was ons enigste bate. Ons het dus niks gehad om te verloor nie.” (M. le Cordeur 2016. “Herinneringe aan studente-opstande en hoe dit my lewe geraak het – 1976 tot 1980”, in Carstens, W.A.M. & M. le Cordeur (reds.) 2016: 232.)

“In 1976, hundreds of African youths lost their lives in South Africa due to a conflict that was triggered, among other issues, by a language policy decision in education, the 50/50 percent rule for Afrikaans and English as media of instruction (…). Soweto 1976 also marked English as the language of education, because the uprising was pointed against Afrikaans and for English.” (Rudwick, S. 2018. Language, Africanisation, and Identity Politics at a South African University, Journal of Language, Identity & Education, DOI: 10.1080/15348458.2018.1460207, bl. 5)

“ … ’n mens (moet) terugstap op die voetspore wat gelei het tot die geboorte van die demokratiese Suid-Afrika op 27 April 1994, na 16 Junie 1976 – bepaald een van die belangrikste dae in die geskiedenis van die moderne Suid-Afrika. Dit was ’n dag wat die gang van die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis onomkeerbaar verander het.

Op dié dag het sowat 20 000 skoolkinders in die strate van Soweto teen die gebruik van Afrikaans as voertaal in swart skole geprotesteer. Die tol was hoog, nie net in terme van die lewensverlies onder swart jeugdiges nie. Die gewelddadigheid het almal onkant betrap en veral die destydse regering, wat nie ’n benul gehad het oor hoe om ’n einde daaraan te bring of wat om te doen omtrent die eintlike probleem nie – ’n wekroep om apartheid te beëindig.

Afrikaans was die vonk in ’n kruitvat wat al sedert die 1960’s – Sharpeville – gesluimer het. Die lewensverlies en pyn wat veroorsaak is, moet bepaald gedenk word.” (Dawie 2019. Ná ’76 is nóg ’n generasie verlore. Die Burger, 15 Junie 2019, bl. 10. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/na-76-is-nog-n-generasie-verlore-20190614)

“Hy was 12 toe hy dood is. ‘n Klein seuntjie in ‘n kortbroek en ‘n trui in die middel van die Hoëveldse winter. Om hom was daar ‘n mal gedruis van voertuie en die krete van ‘n betogende massa en die rou gille van kinders en die skerp staccato van geweervuur. En die reuk van stof en bloed en vrees. En hy is dood.

Ek was pas 11. Ek kan nie onthou wat ek daardie dag gedoen het nie, waarskynlik wat ek elke dag gedoen het: Skool toe gegaan, met my maatjies gespeel, storieboek gelees, met wiskunde gesukkel. Ek was in my sykokon toegedraai, doeltreffend geïsoleer deur die stelsel wat namens my besluit het wat om te dink, té beskerm om te weet dat my land rondom my brand, te naïef om te besef watter allerverskriklike wandade in my naam gepleeg word.

Vandag het hy vir die meeste Suid-Afrikaners ‘n simbool geword van die prys wat hierdie land se mense vir vryheid betaal het, van die afskuwelikheid wat geweld kan word, van hoe donker onverdraagsaamheid en blinde vooroordeel kan word.

Vir my is hy meer as ‘n simbool of ‘n prentjie.

In ‘n regverdige wêreld sou hy vandag my landgenoot gewees het. Dalk ‘n kollega of ‘n vennoot of ‘n baas, my kind se lektor, my wyk se raadslid. In ‘n regverdige wêreld sou ek na hom kon kyk as ‘n vriend of ‘n geliefde. In ‘n regverdige wêreld sou hy geleef het. Sou ons al twee geleef het.

Maar die wêreld was nie regverdig nie. Hy was ‘n swart seuntjie in ‘n swart township, ek was ‘n wit dogtertjie in ‘n wit suburb. Hy is dood en ek het daardie dag alleen oorleef.

Die wêreld is steeds nie regverdig nie. Ek gaan vir die res van my lewe saamleef met die wete dat daar niks is wat ek kan doen om die gebeure van daardie dag om te keer nie. Daar is niks wat ek kan sê om vir die verlies en die seer wat die land op dié dag gely het te vergoed nie. Ek kan nie die verlede verander nie, al wil ek hoe graag. Niemand kan nie.

Al wat ek het, is ‘n stem. Al wat ek kan aanbied, is my woorde. Al waarin ek dit kan sê, is die einste taal wat hom daardie dag sy lewe gekos het. Maar dan is dit wat ek gee: Met die lewe wat ek gekry het, met my stem en met my woorde gee ek dit, want dis wat ek het: Vandag herdenk ek die maatjie met wie ek nooit gespeel het nie”. (Die skrywer Sophia Kapp, Facebook-inskrywing, 16 Junie 2019).

“Like in any uprising, there were events in 1976 that were planned and there were others that were spontaneous. Unlike the portrayal of a singular event that we get at commemoration services, the revolt also went through episodes with ebbs and flows between June 1976 and January 1977. …

Whereas the immediate demands were political in the narrow sense of the word and about the education, the uprising in 1976 was also an inter-generational conflict. Not scarred by repression like their elders, young people did not spare their parents as they took on the state and traditional political movements. As the uprising intensified, their consciousness also grew. The slogan ‘We want our damn country back’ began to accompany shouts such as ‘Black Power’ and ‘Amandla’. The hymnal song ‘Senzeni na’ morphed as young people added verses about ‘AmaBhulu zizinja/Boers are dogs’ and ‘Sono sethu bubumnyama/Blackness is our sin and crime’. …

Although recent scholarly research such as Julian Brown’s The Road to Soweto and Anne Hefferman’s Limpopo Legacy has tossed out the presentation of the 1976 uprising as an explosion triggered by the introduction of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction, there is still a tendency to give a Soweto-centric version of events. Within days, the protest spread to different areas of the country. In reached some townships earlier than others. But more importantly and what the Soweto-centric narrative misses is that as the protest spread like wildfire, it took different forms and focused on issues differently.”

(Sikwebu, D. 2019. Don’t let commemorations mangle history. Mail & Guardian, 16 Junie 2019. https://mg.co.za/article/2019-06-16-00-june-16-dont-let-commemorations-mangle-history/)

“In die aanloop tot die 44-jarige herdenking van 16 Junie 1976 is daar eenstemmigheid dat die datum die koers van die Suid-Afrikaanse politiek onherroeplik verander het.

16 Junie 1976 was immers die keerpunt gewees toe swart leerlinge viervoet vasgesteek het oor Afrikaans – wat eintlik maar die druppel was wat die emmer laat oorloop het vir gefrustreerde skoolkinders (gesteun deur baie grootmense) was.” Maarman, J. 2020. Giet 16 Junie in sy regte vorm. Beeld., 16 Junie 2020, bl. 10.

“ … ’n mens (moet) terugstap op die voetspore wat gelei het tot die geboorte van die demokratiese Suid-Afrika op 27 April 1994, na 16 Junie 1976 – bepaald een van die belangrikste dae in die geskiedenis van die moderne Suid-Afrika. Dit was ’n dag wat die gang van die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis onomkeerbaar verander het.

Op hierdie dag het sowat 20 000 skoolkinders in die strate van Soweto teen die gebruik van Afrikaans as voertaal in swart skole betoog. Die tol was hoog, nie net wat die lewensverlies onders swart jeugdiges betref nie.

Die geweld het die destydse regering onkant betrap en hy hewt nie ’n benul gehad hoe om ’n einde daaraan te bring of wat om te doen aan die eintlike probleem nie – ’n wekroep om apartheid te be-eindig . Die vonk was ’n kruitvat wat wat sedert die 1960’s – Sharpeville – gesluimer het.” (Redakteur Beeld, 17 Junie 2020, bl. 10)

Aanvullende bronne

Du Pisani 2012. B.J. Vorster en afsonderlike ontwikkeling, bl. 361-363.

Giliomee 2004. Die Afrikaners. (Hoofstuk 14, bl. 529-532.)

Grobler, J. 2012c. Swart verset teen apartheid, 1950’s -1980’s, bl. 383-384.

Hugo (red.) 2009. Halala Afrikaans. (Hoofstuk 5, bl. 111-114.)

Le Roux, A. 2016a. Verkluister in ŉ virtuele tuisland, bl. 13.

Nieuwoudt 2006. Soweto dertig jaar later, bl. 19-20.

Steyn, J.C. 1980. Tuiste in eie taal. (Hoofstuk 8, bl. 288-300.)

Steyn, J.C. 2000a. As jy op my liddoring trap, gaat ek jou slaat, vir ou goete ook, bl. 11.

Steyn, J.C. 2000c. Afrikaans moes die prys betaal vir 16 Junie se onluste in Soweto, bl. 7.

Tempelhoff 1993. 16 Junie 1976. Historiese gebeurtenis in die aftakeling van die apartheidsbestel, bl. 7.

Van Rensburg, M.C.J. 2012. So kry ons Afrikaans. (Hoofstuk VI, bl. 132-133.)

Van Schaik 2006. Vergeten oorzaken en gevolgen van de Soweto opstand, bl. 4-5.

Verhoef, G. 2005a. Slagoffers van 1976: Moraliteit en wetenskapsbeoefening, bl. 317-326.

Young 2013. Oproeriges nie almal 13-jariges.

Davenport & Saunders 2004. South Africa: A modern history. (Hoofstuk 16, bl. 449-454.)

February 1976. The Afrikaans language: Afrikanerizing instrument, bl. 11-24.

Gerhart 1994. The 1976 Soweto Uprising.

Hlongwane(ed.) 2008. Footprints of the “Class of 76”. Commemmoration, memory, mapping and heritage.

Dawie 2019. Ná ’76 is nóg ’n generasie verlore. Die Burger, 15 Junie 2019, bl. 10. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Menings/na-76-is-nog-n-generasie-verlore-20190614

Maarman, J. 2020. Giet 16 Junie in sy regte vorm. Beeld., 16 Junie 2020, bl. 10.

Payne, S. 2019. The children of the Mother City who faced down apartheid. Geplaas 14 Junie 2019. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-06-14-the-children-of-the-mother-city-who-faced-down-apartheid/

Sibanda, O. 2020. Time to finally address the demands of the class of ’76. Geplaas 15 Junie 2020. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2020-06-15-time-to-finally-address-the-demands-of-the-class-of-76/

Sikwebu, D. 2019. Don’t let commemorations mangle history. Mail & Guardian, 16 Junie 2019. https://mg.co.za/article/2019-06-16-00-june-16-dont-let-commemorations-mangle-history/

Thamm, M. 2019. Unsung Heroes of 16 June 1976: Events leading up to the massacre and the teachers and parents who tried to stop it. Geplaas 18 Junie 2019. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-06-18-unsung-heroes-of-16-june-1976-events-leading-up-to-the-massacre-and-the-teachers-and-parents-who-tried-to-stop-it/

Internetskakels

Wikipedia 2014 (88). Soweto uprising.

Wikipedia 2014 (89). Soweto-opstand.

Wikipedia 2014 (90). Hector Pieterson.

Wikipedia 2014 (91). Hector Pieterson.

3.1 Die opbou

“In 1976 het dr. A.P. Treurnicht Afrikaans in swart skoliere se kele afgedruk wat Soweto in vlamme gehul het en daar het Afrikaans sy ergste knou en stigma gekry.” (M. Kok 2015d: 8)

https://sa-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/soweto.jpg

“It is because no consultation took place when the decision was made to ‘enforce’ Afrikaans in black schools. It is reported that when asked about consultation, the deputy minister of Bantu Education, Punt Janson, said: ‘No, I have not consulted the African people on the language issue and I’m not going to. An African might find that ‘the big boss’ only spoke Afrikaans or only spoke English. It would be to his advantage to know both languages.’

The ignorance and arrogance of the ruling National Party was clear from the following rhetorical questions asked by Jimmy Kruger before the National Assembly: ‘Why do they walk with upraised fists? Surely this is the sign of the Communist Party. I do not want to accuse them of being Communists, but where does this walking with upraised fist come from? Why do they walk through the streets shouting the word ‘power’? Where do these things among the young people come from?’” (https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2020-06-15-time-to-finally-address-the-demands-of-the-class-of-76/)

Aanvullende bronne

Carstens, W.A.M. 2015c. Taal ’n kapstok vir jeug se frustrasie, bl. 11.

Giliomee & Mbenga (reds.) 2007. Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika. (Hoofstuk 13, bl. 362-364.)

Giliomee 2004. Die Afrikaners. (Hoofstuk 14, bl. 529-532.)

Grobler, J. 2012c. Swart verset teen apartheid, 1950’s -1980’s, bl. 383-384.

Hugo (red.) 2009. Halala Afrikaans. (Hoofstuk 5, bl. 111-114.)

Mailovich, C. 2016h. 1976-studenteleiers: ‘Ons het nooit skole afgebrand’.

Steyn, J.C. 2014a. ‘Ons gaan ŉ taal maak’. Afrikaans sedert die Patriotjare. (Hoofstuk 14, bl. 389-392.)

February 1976. The Afrikaans language: Afrikanerizing instrument, bl. 11-24.

Hlongwane (ed.) 2008. Footprints of the “Class of 76”. Commemmoration, memory, mapping and heritage.

Jansen, J. 2016. The true legacy of Soweto ’76 – and some of its abiding myths, bl. 17.

Mokati 2016. Standing strong through history, bl. 15.

Ramphele 2016. ‘The struggle was shaken out of its moribund state’, bl. 15.

Singh 2016. Youth Day: Marking South Africa’s struggle.

Tutu 2016. ‘Those children taught me a profound lesson’, bl. 17.

Venter, S. 2005. Youth Day June 16 – Exploring our national days.

Wilkins, I. & H. Strydom 1978, 2012. The Super-Afrikaners — Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond. (Oor agtergrond tot besluit om Afrikaans in te voer.)

3.2 16 Junie 1976

“On June 16 1976, thousands of school children in Soweto, Johannesburg, braved the Highveld cold to protest the apartheid government’s decision that they be educated in Afrikaans, the language of the Boers. They were met by policemen who opened fire with live ammunition. The police action embodied the state’s violent and unjust attitude towards black citizens.” (The Conversation, 14 Junie 2016 – http://theconversationafrica.cmail2.com/t/ViewEmail/r/5CB03A9B44491A8C2540EF23F30FEDED/2E64458F874CD4786A4D3D471B02C3D7)

“It was a Mr WD Ackerman, the Department of Bantu Education’s southern Transvaal regional director, who had issued the circular stating Afrikaans was to be used as a medium of instruction for arithmetic, mathematics and social studies while science, woodwork, and arts and crafts could be taught in English. Students themselves had begun organising immediately after the circular had been sent out in 1974. The South African Students Movement was supported by the Black Consciousness Movement and the South African Students Organisation, which had been formed in 1969. The African Teachers’ Association wrote to MC Botha warning that the decree was “cruel and shortsighted”, the joint school and committee boards of the southern and northern Transvaal regions, as well as then Bantustan leaders, had also all attempted to meet officials and wrote to then Prime Minister BJ Vorster to reconsider the decree. ‘I am not going to consult them,’ Deputy Minster of Education Punt Jansen replied to a parliamentary question about the brewing revolt.

Ignoring all pleas and warnings, police finally attempted to violently suppress a peaceful march by 10,000 pupils, initiated by students of Naledi High School, on 16 June.

The march converged on Orlando West Junior Secondary School — where the first strikes had occurred in May — which is where police opened fire on the children, killing at least 23 and injuring hundreds more. By the end of the year, the total number of children who had died is estimated to have been around 173.

It marked a turning point in the growing resistance to apartheid policies in the absence of political leadership who had all either been banned, assassinated or jailed. …

Treurnicht added that the matter had also not been referred to the Secretary of the Department ‘although this might happen later’.

‘We will determine what the contributory causes are, but at the moment it is said that the pupils are striking because the teachers (according to the children?) are not capable of teaching subjects in Afrikaans!’

The arrogance of wilful blindness triumphed for the moment.” (Thamm, M. 2019. Unsung Heroes of 16 June 1976: Events leading up to the massacre and the teachers and parents who tried to stop it. Geplaas 18 Junie 2019. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-06-18-unsung-heroes-of-16-june-1976-events-leading-up-to-the-massacre-and-the-teachers-and-parents-who-tried-to-stop-it/)

“On 14 June, Councillor Leonard Mosala fatefully warned that the continued enforcement of the language policy could result “in another Sharpeville”. Two days later, on 16 June 1976, the state responded to the demands of the students with live ammunition. The first child to be killed was the 16-year-old Hector Petersen. Police and army reinforcements were sent to Soweto as student protests and strikes continued and then spread to Alexandra, Vosloorus, Boksburg, Kathlehong, Mahlakeng and Kagiso. White students at Wits and the University of Natal joined the protests. By 21 June, Mamelodi, Atteridgeville, Hammanskraal and Mabopane in Pretoria and the East Rand townships of KwaThema, Daveyton, Duduza and Wattville joined the resistance.

As student protests and strikes spread throughout the country, the government and the Broederbond denied that the 50/50 language policy had been the spark to the flame. They blamed instead ‘Black Power movements’.

The 1976 Soweto student uprisings were an early attempt by young black South Africans to decolonise education with some placards reading: ‘If we must do Afrikaans, Vorster must do Zulu.’

It was the historical animosity between the descendants of white English and Dutch-speaking (later Afrikaans) colonists that led to the attempt in the late 1960s by the apartheid government to Afrikanerise not only English-speaking whites and immigrants, but also the black majority.” (Thamm, M. 2019. Unsung Heroes of 16 June 1976: Events leading up to the massacre and the teachers and parents who tried to stop it. Geplaas 18 Junie 2019. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-06-18-unsung-heroes-of-16-june-1976-events-leading-up-to-the-massacre-and-the-teachers-and-parents-who-tried-to-stop-it/)

“It was 10.30 on the morning of June 16, 1976. Six thousand pupils in school uniforms sang, shouted, and waved placards bearing slogans such as ‘Away with Afrikaans,’ ‘Afrikaans is the language of the oppressors,’ and ‘We are fed the crumbs of ignorance with Afrikaans as a poisonous spoon.’” (https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2020-06-15-time-to-finally-address-the-demands-of-the-class-of-76/

Aanvullende bronne

Basson, A. 2001. Maar wie se lied sal jong Suid-Afrika nou sing?, bl. 15.

Coetsee, D.C. 2012. Watter verlede onthou jy, en watter een begrawe jy?, bl. 2.

De Lange, J. 2016c. 16 Junie het sy doel verloor, bl. 4-5.

Du Preez, M. 2016d. Van Soweto tot #RhodesMustFall, bl. 22-23.

Giliomee & Mbenga (reds.) 2007. Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika. (Hoofstuk 13, bl. 362-364.)

Hugo (red.) 2009. Halala Afrikaans. (Hoofstuk 5, bl. 111-114.)

Lackay 2001. Die opstand ŉ belegging vir die jeug van vandag, bl. 15.

Le Cordeur, M.L.A. 2016c. Só moet Jeugdag gevier word.

Mailovich, C. 2016h. 1976-studenteleiers: ‘Ons het nooit skole afgebrand’.

Price, I. 2014. Verdrukker se taal word bevrydingstaal, bl. 8.

Rabe, L. 2016a. Bloed kleef nog aan taal’, bl. 19.

Steyn, J.C. 2000a. As jy op my liddoring trap, gaat ek jou slaat, vir ou goete ook, bl. 11.

Steyn, J.C. 2000c. Afrikaans moes die prys betaal vir 16 Junie se onluste in Soweto, bl. 7.

Steyn, J.C. 2014a. ‘Ons gaan ŉ taal maak’. Afrikaans sedert die Patriotjare. (Hoofstuk 14, bl. 389-392.)

Tempelhoff 1993. 16 Junie 1976. Historiese gebeurtenis in die aftakeling van die apartheidsbestel, bl. 7.

Van Wyk, A. 2004a. Politici min gepla wyl Soweto brand, bl. 16.

Van Wyk, A. 2004b. Skote klink om die wêreld. Dood wat leef, bl. 6.

Boshomane 2016. A day of violence and fury – and regrets, bl. 15.

Faull 2016. Soweto uprising: four decades on, South Africa still struggles with violent policing.

Gerhart 1994. The 1976 Soweto Uprising.

Heffernan 2016. Strategic lessons South Africa’s students can learn from the leaders of 1976.

Jansen, J. 2016. The true legacy of Soweto ’76 – and some of its abiding myths, bl. 17.

Keeton 2016. ‘I could never go home again’, bl. 15.

Kula 2014. South Africa: English, not Afrikaans, is the problem for today’s youth.[8]

Mokati 2016. Standing strong through history, bl. 15.

Montsitsi 2016. Looking back in sorrow, bl. 15.

Ntshangase e.a. 2001. Soweto, 16 June 1976.

Ramphele 2016. ‘The struggle was shaken out of its moribund state’, bl. 15.

Schmidt, M. 2005. Soweto schools bury die taal.

Thakali 2016. ‘Uprising of pupils feels like yesterday’, bl. 15.

Tutu 2016. ‘Those children taught me a profound lesson’, bl. 17.

Venter, S. 2005. Youth Day June 16 – Exploring our national days.

Simbao, R.K. 2007. The Thirtieth Anniversary of the Soweto Uprisings: Reading the Shadow in Sam Nzima’s Iconic Photograph of Hector Pieterson. African Arts, 40 (2): 52-69. (Wyses waarop die foto van Sam Nzima uitgebeeld is.)

Internetskakels

Wikipedia 2014 (88). Soweto uprising.

Wikipedia 2014 (89). Soweto-opstand.

Wikipedia 2014 (90). Hector Pieterson.

Wikipedia 2014 (91). Hector Pieterson.

“Youth and the National Liberation Struggle” – http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/june-16-soweto-youth-uprising

“16 June 1976 Student Uprising in Soweto” – http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheid/a/Soweto-Uprising-Pt1.htm en http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheid/a/Soweto-Uprising-Pt2.htm

“1976: The Soweto riots” – http://libcom.org/history/1976-the-soweto-riots

https://www.news24.com/Video/SouthAfrica/News/watch-veteran-photojournalists-remember-the-1976-soweto-uprising-20180615 Geplaas 16 Junie 2018.

3.3 Die nagevolge

“Suid-Afrika sal vir ewig in die skuld wees by die generasies van jong mense wat gedurende die donkerste tye in ons geskiedenis gehelp het om hom van die tirannie van apartheid te bevry.” Maarman, J. 2020. Giet 16 Junie in sy regte vorm. Beeld, 16 Junie 2020, bl. 10.

Aanvullende bronne

Cillié, P.M. 1976. Verslag van die Kommissie van Ondersoek na onluste in Soweto en elders. (Die verslag van ŉ eenmankommissie om die oorsake van die gebeure te bepaal.)

Cloete, B. 2015. Wit mense het gŉ swaargekry, bl. 10.

Coetsee, D.C. 2012. Watter verlede onthou jy, en watter een begrawe jy?, bl. 2.

Du Preez, M. 2016d. Van Soweto tot #RhodesMustFall, bl. 22-23.

Giliomee & Mbenga (reds.) 2007. Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika. (Hoofstuk 13, bl. 362-364.)

Giliomee 2004. Die Afrikaners. (Hoofstuk 14, bl. 529-532.)

Janse van Rensburg 2016ii. Afrikaans opnuut onder die loep op Jeugdag.

Le Cordeur e.a. 2012. 16 Junie 1976. 35 jaar later.

Scholtz, L. 2012f. Waarom Rian Malan kwaad is, bl. 12.

Stemmet 1997. ŉ Historiese perspektief op die 1976 Soweto-opstande. (M.A.-verhandeling)

Steyn, J.C. 1980. Tuiste in eie taal. (Hoofstuk 8, bl. 288-300.)

Steyn, J.C. 2014a. ‘Ons gaan ŉ taal maak’. Afrikaans sedert die Patriotjare. (Hoofstuk 14, bl. 389-392.)

Faull 2016. Soweto uprising: four decades on, South Africa still struggles with violent policing.

Hefernan & Nieftagodien (eds.) 2016. Students Must Rise. Youth Struggle in South Africa Before and Beyond Soweto ’76.

Ramphele 2016. ‘The struggle was shaken out of its moribund state’, bl. 15.

Sachs 2016. No more Sharpevilles, no more Sowetos, no more Bishos. And no more Marikanas, bl. 17.

Van Schaik 2006. Vergeten oorzaken en gevolgen van de Soweto opstand, bl. 4-5.

Le Cordeur, M. 2018. Leer uit die geskiedenis? Die Burger, 16 Junie 2018. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/leer-uit-die-geskiedenis-20180615

Diole, K. 2018. Have we done justice to the legacy of the class of 1976? Geplaas 18 Junie 2018. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-06-15-have-we-done-justice-to-the-legacy-of-the-class-of-1976/

3.4 Afrikaans en Soweto 1976

“Die gebeure in Soweto was die lont in die kruitvat. Onluste, wat min met te doen gehad het met die kwessie van Afrikaans as onderrigmedium, maar alles met die uitdaging van die staatstrukture deur die swartmagbewegings, het daarna landswyd uitgekring en bykans twee jaar lank geduur.” (L. Pienaar 2004: 135)

“Die beeld van Afrikaans het in Suid-Afrika en in die buiteland ŉ ernstige knou gekry. Afrikaans is weer eens as ŉ verdrukkerstaal gebrandmerk.” (Hugo (red.) 2009: 113)

“Dit is tyd om die les van 1976 ter harte te neem en op te hou om die taal van onderrig te beperk en eerder ons kinders bevry om te wys waartoe hulle in staat is.”(Phakeng, M. 2019. Engels knou wiskunde. Rapport Weekliks, 23 Junie 2019, bl. 7. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/engels-knou-wiskunde-20190621)

https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/sowetodag-1976-en-die-rol-van-afrikaans-20200615

Aanvullende bronne

Giliomee & Mbenga (reds.) 2007. Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika. (Hoofstuk 13, bl. 362-364.)

Giliomee 2004. Die Afrikaners. (Hoofstuk 14, bl. 529-532.)

Janse van Rensburg 2016ii. Afrikaans opnuut onder die loep op Jeugdag.

Jacobs, D. 2017. Ons leer nooit uit die geskiedenis nie, bl. 13.

Le Cordeur, M.L.A. 2015c. Waarheen met Afrikaans?

Steyn, J.C. 1980. Tuiste in eie taal. (Hoofstuk 8, bl. 288-300.)

Steyn, J.C. 2014a. ‘Ons gaan ŉ taal maak’. Afrikaans sedert die Patriotjare. (Hoofstuk 14, bl. 389-392.)

Titus 2014f. Afrikaans saak van integriteit, bl. 16.

Van Vuuren, H. 2014. Van WVK tot sosiale netwerk-grafika: Twee dekades van letterkundige navorsing.

Webb (red.) 1992. Afrikaans ná apartheid.

Glorie 2016e. Afrikaans veertig jaar later, bl. 123-124.

Willemse, H. 1993. Rethinking Afrikaans Language and Literature: Facets of a Current Debate, bl. 255-265.

Jonas, M. 2020. Sowetodag 1976 en die rol van Afrikaans. Geplaas 16 Junie 2020. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/sowetodag-1976-en-die-rol-van-afrikaans-20200615

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=447&v=EB6f7YHcoCI – “Bloed vloei in Afrikaans”

Literêre uitsette oor die apartheidsjare[9]

Mark Behr. Die reuk van appels. (1993; Kaapstad: Queillerie)

Breyten Breytenbach. Yk. (1983; Emmarentia: Taurus)

Breyten Breytenbach. Buffalo Bill (1984; Emmarentia: Taurus)

Breyten Breytenbach. Lewendood. (1985; Emmarentia: Taurus)

André P. Brink. Kennis van die aand. (1973; Kaapstad: Buren-Uitgewers.) (Aanvanklik verbied)

André P. Brink. Gerugte van reën. (1978; Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau)

André P. Brink. ŉ Droë wit seisoen. (1979; Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau)

André P. Brink. Die jogger. (1997; Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau) (Oor die WVK) (Drama)

E.K.M. Dido. Die storie van Monica Peeters. (1996; Kaapstad: Tafelberg)

Jeanette Ferreira. Die mammies, die pappies, die hondjies, die katjies (1989; Johannesburg: Taurus)

Jeanne Goosen. Ons is nie almal so nie. (1990; Kaapstad: Kwela)

P.J. Haasbroek. Skrikbewind. (1976; Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau)

Tinus Horn. Bomskok. (2014; Kaapstad: Penguin)

Emma Huismans. Berigte van weerstand. (1990; Pretoria: Taurus)

Irma Joubert. Tolbos. (2013; Pretoria: LAPA)

John Miles se Donderdag of Woensdag (1978; Emmarentia: Taurus) en Stanley Bekker (Emmarentia: Taurus)

Pamela Jooste. Dans met armmansdogter. (2010; Kaapstad: Random House Struik)

Antjie Krog. Otters in bronslaai. (1981; Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau)

Antjie Krog. Jerusalemgangers. (1985; Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau)

Antjie Krog. Lady Anne. (1989; Bramley: Taurus)

Antjie Krog. Kleur kom nooit alleen nie. (2000; Kaapstad: Kwela)

John Miles. Donderdag of Woensdag. (1978; Emmarentia: Taurus) (Verbied)

John Miles. Stanley Bekker en die boikot. (1980; Emmarentia: Taurus) (Verbied)

John Miles. Kroniek uit die Doofpot. (1991; Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau)

Welma Odendaal. Keerkring. (1977; Johannesburg: Perskor) (Verbied)

Abraham Philips. Die verdwaalde land. (1992; Helderberg: Queillerie)

Hansie Pienaar. Die lewe ondergronds. (1986; Emmarentia: Taurus)

Hansie Pienaar & Hein Willemse. Die Trojaanse perd. (1986; Emmarentia: Taurus)

Koos Prinsloo. Jonkmanskas. (1982; Kaapstad: Tafelberg)

Koos Prinsloo. Slagplaas. (1992: Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau)

Johann Rossouw. Verwoerdbrug. (2014; Kaapstad: Umuzi)

Karel Schoeman. Na die geliefde land. (1972; Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau)

A.H.M. Scholtz. Vatmaar. (1995; Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman)

Adam Small. Kitaar my kruis. (1961; Pretoria: HAUM-LiterCer)

Adam Small. Sê sjibbolet. (1963; Johannesburg: Perskor)

Adam Small. Kanna hy kô hys toe. (1965; Kaapstad: Tafelberg)

Adam Small. Die Krismis van Map Jacobs. (2008; Kaapstad: Tafelberg) (Drama)

Wilma Stockenström. Kremetartekspedisie. (1981; Human & Rousseau)

Marlene van Niekerk. Triomf. (1994; Kaapstad: Queillerie)

Marlene van Niekerk. Agaat. (2004; Kaapstad: Tafelberg)

Marinda van Zyl. Wilhelmina Radebe kom tuis. (2011; Pretoria: LAPA.)

Eben Venter. Foxtrot van die vleiseters. (1993; Kaapstad: Tafelberg)

Lettie Viljoen (Ingrid Winterbach). Klaaglied vir Koos. (1984; Emmarentia: Taurus )

Lettie Viljoen (Ingrid Winterbach). Belemmering. (1990; Bramley: Taurus)

Linda Rode & Jakes Gerwel (reds.) Keerpunt: Stories vir ’n nuwe Suid-Afrika / Crossing over: Stories for a new South Africa (1995; Kaapstad: Kwela Boeke.)

Die demokratisering van Afrikaans in die 1990’s

Aanvullende bronne

Baatjes 2016. Werkloosheid-syfer is ANC se grootste mislukking – Malala.

Basson, E. 2016. Ons moet saamstaan en saam bou.

Cloete, B. 2015. Wit mense het gŉ swaargekry, bl. 10.

Cruywagen, D. 2014b. Ons was op die randjie van burgeroorlog… (Oor die rol van die AWB tydens die oorgangsproses.)

Du Preez, M. 2016d. Van Soweto tot #RhodesMustFall, bl. 22-23.

Esterhuyse, W. 2012. Eindstryd. Geheime gesprekke en die einde van apartheid.

Grobler, H. 1989. Afrikaans sentraal in struggle en vra groot commitment, bl. 44-45.

Grobler, J. 2007. Uitdaging & Antwoord. ŉ Vars perspektief op die evolusie van die Afrikaners. (Hoofstuk 10, bl. 208-219.)

Kassiem 2014b. Afrikaans en die Vryheidsmanifes, bl. 136-137.

Le Cordeur e.a. 2012. 16 Junie 1976. 35 jaar later.

Hoogenraad-Vermaak & Verhoef 2010. Die Suid-Afrikaanse sakegemeenskap se rol ten opsigte van politieke mobilisering in die aanloop tot ‘n nuwe Suid-Afrika, 1980-1992.

Terreblanche, S. 2014b. Wittes skuld nog baie, bl. 13.

Theron, N. 2016. Afrikaners: Nuwe Groot Trek is nodig.

Cruywagen, D. 2014a. Brothers in War and Peace.

Hofmeyr & Willard 2014. The South African churches and apartheid, bl. 610-632.

Ross, F. 2008. Truth and Reconciliation, bl. 235-246.

Saul & Bond 2014. South Africa – The present as history. From Mrs Ples to Mandela and Marikana. (Hoofstukke 2 en 3.)

Southall 2016. The new black middle class in South Africa.

Internetskakels

Wikipedia 2014 (92). Truth and Reconciliation Commission. (Hierin word aangedui watter rolprente oor die WVK-proses gemaak is en watter boeke hieroor geskryf is.)

Wikipedia 2014 (93). Zuid-Afrikaanse Waarheids- en Verzoeningscommissie.

Bron: https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/geregtigheid-en-versoening-in-sa-brug-van-die-oue-na-die-nuwe-20200724

Die rol van musiek in die bestryding van apartheid

Olwage, G. 2008. Composing Apartheid: Music For and Against Apartheid.

Rapportering oor die WVK

Krog, A. 2013. As Afrikaners we were scared of what Mandela would do to us – how wrong we were.

Tutu 2000. No Future Without Forgiveness.

Rabe, L. 2018. Kroniek van ’n mondigwording? ’n Mediageskiedkundige herevaluering van die WVK, Naspers en Afrikaanse joernalistiek. LitNet Akademies, 14(3). http://www.litnet.co.za/kroniek-van-n-mondigwording-n-mediageskiedkundige-herevaluering-van-die-wvk-naspers-en-afrikaanse-joernalistiek/

Samevatting

“Hier is die kern van die saak, my vriend Steve. Al het ons in 1992 presies geweet hoe Suid-Afrika vandag sou lyk en hoe Zuma en sy skelm, magsbehepte kornuite ons sou regeer, moes ons in elk geval apartheid keel-af gesny en ons swart landgenote se menswaardigheid herstel het. Dit was doodgewoon die regte ding om te doen, moreel gesproke en om ons as Afrikaners se vreedsame voortbestaan in die land wat ons liefhet, te verseker.” (M. du Preex 2014c: 21)

“Apartheid was effektief. Dit het mense apart gehou en die gevolge is steeds sigbaar. (I. de Vries 2015: 10)

[1] Sien artikel oor Makhoba: Stewart, P. & E. Webster 2020. The story of a working man who lived through apartheid – and his struggles after it ended. Geplaas 28 Aug. 2002. https://theconversation.com/the-story-of-a-working-man-who-lived-through-apartheid-and-his-struggles-after-it-ended-144528

[2] Lees hieroor ook: Ardé, G. 2020. ‘My broer is vermoor deur hiënas in die ANC.’ Geplaas 13 Julie 2020. https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/my-broer-is-vermoor-deur-hienas-in-anc-20200709

[3] “Die storie verskuif na die Kodesa-onderhandelings en die strategie wat Ramaphosa en sy mede-onderhandelaars soos Joe Slovo en Mac Maharaj gespeel het om die valke in die ANC te uitoorlê, terwyl dieselfde proses in die ou Nasionale Party gevolg word deur Roelf Meyer, Niel Barnard en andere. Dié gedeelte is waarskynlik die verteerbaarste, akkuraatste en onpartydigste vertelling van die demokratiese Suid-Afrika se geboorteproses.” (In resensie van J. de Lange 2019 oor Butler, A. 2019. Cyril Ramaphosa: The Road to Presidential Power – https://www.netwerk24.com/Vermaak/Boeke/n-kyk-na-die-man-agter-die-masker-20190713)

[4] “Often, discussions of whiteness and racism only inspires defensiveness. Eyesights sharpen, energy rips through the body, and the impulse arises to oppose whatever comes next – without considering if it makes sense. … If so, I ask that you acknowledge this, and against the defensive impulse, read on. Because we, white South Africans, have got to get real about race and the privileges of our whiteness.”

[5] Hierdie aanhaling kom voor in ŉ koerantberig deur S. Carstens 2014a waarin ‘n wit boer skuldig bevind is aan die onregmatige gebruik van die diskriminerende k-woord teenoor ŉ swart persoon. Regter Lebogang Bosielo het bevind: “Dit is een van die woorde wat in die apartheidsjare gebruik is om swart mense te beledig en te verneder, soortgelyk aan die woorde Boer, k…e en Bantoe.” Vgl. ook S. Carstens 2014c oor ‘die vloek van die k-woord’. N. de Klerk 2014b: 5 berig oor ŉ wit man wat in Oktober 2014 in die gelykheidshof in Kaapstad ’n boete van R50 000 opgelê is omdat hy die waardigheid van ŉ huishulp aangetas het deur haar ’n k…r te noem.

[6] Sommige van die absurditeite van apartheid word hier aangedui.

[7] Ferreira 2012a doen verslag oor ‘n projek van die Instituut vir Versoening en Geregtigheid (2012) wat aangedui het dat ras as verdelende factor in die land al hoe minder word, en dat die basis vir verdeling eerder inkomste (dus geld) is.

[8] Die skrywer (M. Kula 2014) argumenteer dat die oormatige gebruik van Engels die ontwikkeling van die inheemse Afrikatale strem en dat die oorheersing van Engels gestaak moet word. “As it is, we do not speak our native languages when we meet in corridors and churches and bars, and we neglect and ignore our languages in our classrooms, in our writing, in our reading, and often in our work. We need to change this. We must even talk about the economy in our own languages. The action we need to take is different from 1976. We are not going to throw stones. Instead, we need to take action by writing and reading our languages. Our friends from outside and citizens who are not natives must learn that we are rich in languages in South Africa and it is time to end the dominance of English. We must say no to those who want us to speak English even when we pray – some even expect us to speak it through the nose! This must end. This demands sacrifice, just as 1976 demanded sacrifice. Firstly, we must advocate for using our beautiful expressive native languages and practise what we advocate – and we must accept and be ready to learn other native languages. Secondly, we must reclaim our history and write our own history in our own native languages.” (Ons kursiverings)

[9] Hier onder word slegs ’n seleksie uit die beskikbare Afrikaanse literêre bronne oor apartheid en aspekte daarvan aangedui. Uiteraard is daar heelwat meer en ook in ander tale, onder andere Engels, Nederlands. Met dank aan proff. P.L. van Schalkwyk en M.P. Human van die Skool vir Tale, Noordwes-Universiteit (Potchefstroomkampus) vir hulle insette hiermee.